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With the commercialization of large language models (LLMs), weight-activation quantization has emerged to compress and accelerate LLMs, achieving high throughput while reducing inference costs. However, existing post-training quantization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jung Hyun Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , June Yong Yang , Se Jung Kwon , Eunho Yang , Kang Min Yoo , Dongsoo Lee

Quantized Large Language Models (LLMs) are used more often in qualitative analysis because they run fast and need fewer computing resources. This study examines how different lower bits quantization levels (8-bit, 4-bit, 3-bit, and 2-bit)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Aisvarya Adeseye , Jouni Isoaho , Adeyemi Adeseye

The growing scale of large language models (LLMs) not only demands extensive computational resources but also raises environmental concerns due to their increasing carbon footprint. Model quantization emerges as an effective approach that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Saima Afrin , Bowen Xu , Antonio Mastropaolo

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer severe performance degradation when facing extremely low-bit (sub 2-bit) quantization. Several existing sub 2-bit post-training quantization (PTQ) methods utilize a mix-precision scheme by leveraging an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaqi Zhao , Miao Zhang , Ming Wang , Yuzhang Shang , Kaihao Zhang , Weili Guan , Yaowei Wang , Min Zhang

We develop a low-complexity coding scheme to achieve covert communications over binary-input discrete memoryless channels (BI-DMCs). We circumvent the impossibility of covert communication with linear codes by introducing non-linearity…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Ishaque Ashar Kadampot , Mehrdad Tahmasbi , Matthieu R Bloch

Coded modulation is a key technique to increase the spectral efficiency of coherent optical communication systems. Two popular strategies for coded modulation are turbo trellis-coded modulation (TTCM) and bit-interleaved coded modulation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-10-12 Eric Sillekens , Alex Alvarado , Chigo Okonkwo , Benn C. Thomsen

This paper develops a low-complexity near-optimal non-coherent receiver for a multi-level energy-based coded modulation system. Inspired by the turbo processing principle, we incorporate the fundamentals of bit-interleaved coded modulation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-24 Ali Fazeli , Ha H. Nguyen , Halim Yanikomeroglu

We consider the weak target detection problem with unknown parameter in colocated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. To cope with the sheer amount of data for large-size systems, a multi-bit quantizer is utilized in the sampling…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-07 Hang Xiao , Shixing Yang , Wei Yi

Large language models (LLMs) have wide applications in the field of natural language processing(NLP), such as GPT-4 and Llama. However, with the exponential growth of model parameter sizes, LLMs bring significant resource overheads. Low-bit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Liangdong Liu , Zhitong Zheng , Cong Wang , Tianhuang Su , Zhenyu Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver strong performance across a wide range of NLP tasks, but their massive sizes hinder deployment on resource-constrained devices. To reduce their computational and memory burden, various compression…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Dung Anh Hoang , Cuong Pham , Cuong Nguyen , Trung le , Jianfei Cai , Thanh-Toan Do

Large language models (LLMs) face significant computational and memory challenges, making extremely low-bit quantization crucial for their efficient deployment. In this work, we introduce SDQ-LLM: Sigma-Delta Quantization for 1-bit LLMs of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Junhao Xia , Ming Zhao , Limin Xiao , Xiujun Zhang

Polar codes are a family of capacity-achieving error-correcting codes, and they have been selected as part of the next generation wireless communication standard. Each polar code bit-channel is assigned a reliability value, used to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-05-17 Carlo Condo , Seyyed Ali Hashemi , Warren J. Gross

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown their remarkable capacities in many NLP tasks. However, their substantial size often presents challenges for deployment. This necessitates efficient techniques for model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Robin Baki Davidsson , Pierre Nugues

This paper presents a novel strategy to decentralize the soft detection procedure in an uplink cell-free massive multiple-input-multiple-output network. We propose efficient approaches to compute the a posteriori probability-per-bit,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Zakir Hussain Shaik , Emil Björnson , Erik G. Larsson

Due to dependence between codeword elements, index modulation (IM) and related modulation techniques struggle to provide simple solutions for practical problems such as Gray coding between information bits and constellation points; and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Ferhat Yarkin , Justin P. Coon

Large language models (LLMs) require immense resources for training and inference. Quantization, a technique that reduces the precision of model parameters, offers a promising solution for improving LLM efficiency and sustainability. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jacob Nielsen , Peter Schneider-Kamp , Lukas Galke

The performance of short polar codes under successive cancellation (SC) and SC list (SCL) decoding is analyzed for the case where the decoder messages are coarsely quantized. This setting is of particular interest for applications requiring…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-14 Joachim Neu , Mustafa Cemil Coşkun , Gianluigi Liva

In this paper we consider regular low-density parity-check codes over a binary-symmetric channel in the decoding regime. We prove that up to a certain noise threshold the bit-error probability of the bit-sampling decoder converges in mean…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-21 Marc Vuffray , Theodor Misiakiewicz

This is the second part of a two-part paper that focuses on link-adaptation (LA) and physical layer (PHY) abstraction for multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems with non-linear receivers. The first part proposes a new metric, called bit-metric…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-12 K. Pavan Srinath , Jakob Hoydis

Consider data transmission over a binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel using a binary low-density parity-check code. We ask the following question: Given a decoder that takes log-likelihood ratios as input, does it help to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Jon Feldman , Ralf Koetter , Pascal O. Vontobel
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