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This paper investigates the design and performance of delayed bit-interleaved coded modulation (DBICM) with low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. For Gray labeled square $M$-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations, we…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Yihuan Liao , Min Qiu , Jinhong Yuan

A new coded modulation scheme is proposed. At the transmitter, the concatenation of a distribution matcher and a systematic binary encoder performs probabilistic signal shaping and channel coding. At the receiver, the output of a bitwise…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-04-23 Georg Böcherer , Patrick Schulte , Fabian Steiner

Low-bit weight-only quantization significantly reduces the memory footprint of large language models (LLMs), but disproportionately affects certain examples. We analyze diverse 3-4 bit methods on LLMs ranging from 7B-70B in size and find…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ting-Yun Chang , Muru Zhang , Jesse Thomason , Robin Jia

Quantization has become one of the most effective methodologies to compress LLMs into smaller size. However, the existing quantization solutions still show limitations of either non-negligible accuracy drop or low system efficiency. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhen Zheng , Xiaonan Song , Chuanjie Liu

In this letter we determine the derivative of the mutual information corresponding to bit-interleaved coded modulation systems. The derivative follows as a linear combination of minimum-mean-squared error functions of coded modulation sets.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-08-16 Albert Guillen I Fabregas , Alfonso Martinez

This paper explores network binarization, a radical form of quantization, compressing model weights to a single bit, specifically for Large Language Models (LLMs) compression. Due to previous binarization methods collapsing LLMs, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Yuzhang Shang , Zhihang Yuan , Qiang Wu , Zhen Dong

The inference of Large language models (LLMs) requires immense computation and memory resources. To curtail these costs, quantisation has merged as a promising solution, but existing LLM quantisation mainly focuses on 8-bit. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Cheng Zhang , Jianyi Cheng , Ilia Shumailov , George A. Constantinides , Yiren Zhao

This paper presents Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation metrics for joint estimation detection using training or reference signal transmission strategies for short to long block length channels. We show that it is possible to enhance the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Mody Sy , Raymond Knopp

The space-time bit-interleaved coded modulation (ST-BICM) is an efficient technique to obtain high diversity and coding gain on a block-fading MIMO channel. Its maximum-likelihood (ML) performance is computed under ideal interleaving…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Nicolas Gresset , Loic Brunel , Joseph Boutros

The quantization of the output of a binary-input discrete memoryless channel to a smaller number of levels is considered. An algorithm which finds an optimal quantizer, in the sense of maximizing mutual information between the channel input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-16 Brian M. Kurkoski , Hideki Yagi

Inter-symbol interference (ISI) limits reliability in diffusion-based molecular communication (MC) channels. We propose RLIM, a family of run-length-limited (RLL) codes that form fixed-size codebooks by minimizing the total number of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Melih Şahin , Ozgur B. Akan

We propose a quantized decoding algorithm for low- density parity-check codes where the variable node update rule of the standard min-sum algorithm is replaced with a look-up table (LUT) that is designed using an information-theoretic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-02 Michael Meidlinger , Alexios Balatsoukas-Stimming , Andreas Burg , Gerald Matz

Channel output quantization plays a vital role in high-speed emerging memories such as the spin-torque transfer magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM), where high-precision analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are not applicable. In this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Zhen Mei , Kui Cai , Long Shi

Binary quantization represents the most extreme form of compression, reducing weights to +/-1 for maximal memory and computational efficiency. While recent sparsity-aware binarization achieves sub-1-bit compression via weight pruning, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Hao Gu , Lujun Li , Hao Wang , Lei Wang , Zheyu Wang , Bei Liu , Jiacheng Liu , Qiyuan Zhu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Having lower quantization resolution, has been introduced in the literature, as a solution to reduce the power consumption of massive MIMO and millimeter wave MIMO systems. In this paper, we analyze bit error rate (BER) performance of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-04-20 Azad Azizzadeh , Reza Mohammadkhani , Seyed Vahab Al-Din Makki , Emil Björnson

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on resource-constrained edge devices like the Raspberry Pi presents challenges in computational efficiency, power consumption, and response latency. This paper explores quantization-based optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Mahsa Ardakani , Jinendra Malekar , Ramtin Zand

In this work we analyze the problem of linear correction of the reliability metrics (L-values) in BICM receivers. We want to find the correction factors that minimize the probability of error of a maximum likelihood decoder that uses the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2011-12-01 Szczecinski Leszek

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the natural language processing paradigm but impose substantial demands on memory and computational resources. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to reduce memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Xilong Xie , Liang Wang , Limin Xiao , Meng Han , Lin Sun , Shuai Zheng , Xiangrong Xu

Large-scale language models (LLMs) excel in language processing tasks but face deployment challenges due to high memory and computational demands. While low-bit quantization, such as 4-bit techniques, offers a potential solution, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Dongyoung Lee , Seungkyu Choi , Ik Joon Chang

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of natural language processing, while the expensive memory and computation consumption impede their practical deployment. Quantization emerges as one of the most effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Hong Chen , Chengtao Lv , Liang Ding , Haotong Qin , Xiabin Zhou , Yifu Ding , Xuebo Liu , Min Zhang , Jinyang Guo , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao