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It is commonly believed that there are only two types of particle exchange statistics in quantum mechanics, fermions and bosons, with the exception of anyons in two dimension. In principle, a second exception known as parastatistics, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Zhiyuan Wang , Kaden R. A. Hazzard

The quantum-mechanical description of assemblies of particles whose motion is confined to two (or one) spatial dimensions offers many possibilities that are distinct from bosons and fermions. We call such particles anyons. The simplest…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-11-22 Martin Greiter , Frank Wilczek

Quantum mechanics broadly classifies the particles into two categories: $(1)$ fermions and $(2)$ bosons. Fermions are half-integer spin particles, obeying Pauli's exclusion principle and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Whereas bosons are integer…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-09-03 Nupoor Thakur , Navinder Singh

In contrast to classical physics, quantum mechanics divides particles into two classes-bosons and fermions-whose exchange statistics dictate the dynamics of systems at a fundamental level. In two dimensions quasi-particles known as 'anyons'…

In low-dimensional systems, indistinguishable particles can display statistics that interpolate between bosons and fermions. Signatures of these "anyons" have been detected in two-dimensional quasiparticle excitations of the fractional…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-11-15 Nathan M. Myers , Sebastian Deffner

Identical quantum particles exhibit only two types of statistics: bosonic and fermionic. Theoretically, this restriction is commonly established through the symmetrization postulate or (anti)commutation constraints imposed on the algebra of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 Nicolás Medina Sánchez , Borivoje Dakić

We present a theory of particles, obeying intermediate statistics ("anyons"), interpolating between Bosons and Fermions, based on the principle of Detailed Balance. It is demonstrated that the scattering probabilities of identical particles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-11-26 R. Acharya , P. Narayana Swamy

Anyons are low-dimensional quasiparticles that obey fractional statistics, hence interpolating between bosons and fermions. In two dimensions, they exist as elementary excitations of fractional quantum Hall states and they are believed to…

In this paper I present the state of the art concerning the theoretical detectability (and the open challenges for the experimental detectability) of a special class of paraparticles beyond bosons and fermions. The particles under…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Francesco Toppan

Two-dimensional systems can host exotic particles called anyons whose quantum statistics are neither bosonic nor fermionic. For example, the elementary excitations of the fractional quantum Hall effect at filling factor $\nu=1/m$ (where m…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-06-24 H. Bartolomei , M. Kumar , R. Bisognin , A. Marguerite , J. -M. Berroir , E. Bocquillon , B. Plaçais , A. Cavanna , Q. Dong , U. Gennser , Y. Jin , G. Fève

Traditional statistical mechanics is constrained by the binary paradigms of identical/distinguishable and bosonic/fermionic particle statistics, leading to a fundamental logical gap in describing systems with partial distinguishability. We…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-21 Wang Hao , Meng Yancen , Zhang Kuang , Zhou Rui'en

A fundamental pillar of quantum mechanics concerns indistinguishable quantum particles. In three dimensions they may be classified into fermions or bosons, having, respectively, antisymmetric or symmetric wave functions under particle…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-02-04 Simone Barbarino , Rosario Fazio , Vlatko Vedral , Yuval Gefen

Anyons are 2D or 1D quantum particles with intermediate statistics, interpolating between bosons and fermions. We study the ground state of a large number N of 2D anyons, in a scaling limit where the statistics parameter is proportional to…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-09-18 Douglas Lundholm , Nicolas Rougerie

Thermodynamically, bosons and fermions differ by their statistics only. A general entropy functional is proposed by superposition of entropic terms, typical for different quantum gases. The statistical properties of the corresponding Janus…

General Physics · Physics 2017-05-02 R. Tsekov

Anyons - particles carrying fractional statistics that interpolate between bosons and fermions - have been conjectured to exist in low dimensional systems. In the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), quasi-particles made of…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2011-08-29 Tassilo Keilmann , Simon Lanzmich , Ian McCulloch , Marco Roncaglia

General permutation invariant statistics in the second quantized approach are considered. Simple interpolations between dual statistics are constructed. Particularly, we present a new minimal interpolation between parabosons and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-30 B. Melic , S. Meljanac

There are two motivations to consider statistics that are neither Bose nor Fermi: (1) to extend the framework of quantum theory and of quantum field theory, and (2) to provide a quantitative measure of possible violations of statistics.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 O. W. Greenberg

In this study, The particles of the quantum gases, namely bosons and fermions are regarded as g-ons by the paremeter of the fractional exclusion statistics g. With this point of departure, the distribution function of the g-on gas is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 F. Buyukkilic , H. Uncu , D. Demirhan

Despite the obvious difference between fermions and bosons in their physical properties and statistical distributions, but we have to ask the following question. What is the form of statistical distribution for a system of quantum particles…

General Physics · Physics 2012-03-30 Ahmad Abu Taleb

Strongly interacting topologically ordered many-body systems consisting of fermions or bosons can host exotic quasiparticles with anyonic statistics. This raises the question whether many-body systems of anyons can also form anyonic…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2020-09-15 Julia Wildeboer , Aniket Patra , Sourav Manna , Anne E. B. Nielsen
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