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In this work, we consider the burnt pancake problem, which is a well-studied problem going back to a work of Gates and Papadimitriou from 1979.The problem is to sort a stack of~$n$ one-sided burnt pancakes of different sizes, by a sequence…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Gerold Jäger , Nacim Oijid

Using existing classification results for the 7- and 8-cycles in the pancake graph, we determine the number of permutations that require 4 pancake flips (prefix reversals) to be sorted. A similar characterization of the 8-cycles in the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Saúl A. Blanco , Charles Buehrle , Akshay Patidar

Pancake Flipping is the problem of sorting a stack of pancakes of different sizes (that is, a permutation), when the only allowed operation is to insert a spatula anywhere in the stack and to flip the pancakes above it (that is, to perform…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-09-05 Laurent Bulteau , Guillaume Fertin , Irena Rusu

Pancake flipping, a famous open problem in computer science, can be formalised as the problem of sorting a permutation of positive integers using as few prefix reversals as possible. In that context, a prefix reversal of length k reverses…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-02-07 Anthony Labarre , Josef Cibulka

Burnt pancakes problem was defined by Gates and Papadimitriou in 1979. A stack $S$ of pancakes with a burnt side must be sorted by size, the smallest on top, and each pancake with burnt side down. The only operation allowed is to split…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Laurent Pierre

The "pancake problem" asks how many prefix reversals are sufficient to sort any permutation $\pi \in \mathcal{S}_k$ to the identity. We write $f(k)$ to denote this quantity. The best known bounds are that $\frac{15}{14}k -O(1) \le f(k)\le…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-29 Zach Hunter

We consider the problem of sorting elements on a series of stacks, introduced by Tarjan and Knuth. We improve the asymptotic lower bound for the number of stacks necessary to sort $n$ elements to $0.561 \log_2 n + O(1)$. This is the first…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2012-12-05 Luke Schaeffer

We consider the problem of upper bounding the number of circular transpositions needed to sort a permutation. It is well known that any permutation can be sorted using at most $n(n-1)/2$ adjacent transpositions. We show that, if we allow…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-02-21 Anke van Zuylen , James Bieron , Frans Schalekamp , Gexin Yu

It is a long-standing open question to determine the minimum number of comparisons $S(n)$ that suffice to sort an array of $n$ elements. Indeed, before this work $S(n)$ has been known only for $n\leq 22$ with the exception for $n=16$, $17$,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Florian Stober , Armin Weiß

We prove that \Omega(n log(n)) comparisons are necessary for any quantum algorithm that sorts n numbers with high success probability and uses only comparisons. If no error is allowed, at least 0.110nlog_2(n) - 0.067n + O(1) comparisons…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Yaoyun Shi

A simple method to produce a random order type is to take the order type of a random point set. We conjecture that many probability distributions on order types defined in this way are heavily concentrated and therefore sample inefficiently…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Olivier Devillers , Philippe Duchon , Marc Glisse , Xavier Goaoc

We study sorting algorithms based on randomized round-robin comparisons. Specifically, we study Spin-the-bottle sort, where comparisons are unrestricted, and Annealing sort, where comparisons are restricted to a distance bounded by a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Michael T. Goodrich

We study searching and sorting in rounds motivated by a fair division question: given a cake cutting problem with $n$ players, compute a fair allocation in at most $k$ rounds of interaction with the players. Rounds interpolate between the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Simina Brânzei , Dimitris Paparas , Nicholas Recker

The pancake problem is concerned with sorting a permutation (a stack of pancakes of different diameter) using only prefix reversals (spatula flips). Although the problem description belies simplicity, an exact formula for the maximum number…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Saúl A. Blanco , Charles Buehrle

In 2016, Bonato, Janssen, and Roshanbin introduced graph burning as a discrete process that models the spread of social contagion. Although the burning process is a simple algorithm, the problem of determining the least number of rounds…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-11 Ta Sheng Tan , Wen Chean Teh

Inspired by a common technique for shuffling a deck of cards on a table without riffling, we formalize the pile shuffle and investigate its capabilities as a sorting device. Our study is novel in that we consider pile shuffle in three…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Kyle B. Treleaven

In the online multiple knapsack problem, an algorithm faces a stream of items, and each item has to be either rejected or stored irrevocably in one of $n$ bins (knapsacks) of equal size. The gain of an~algorithm is equal to the sum of sizes…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Marcin Bienkowski , Maciej Pacut , Krzysztof Piecuch

We consider the problem of sorting $n$ elements subject to persistent random comparison errors. In this problem, each comparison between two elements can be wrong with some fixed (small) probability $p$, and comparing the same pair of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Barbara Geissmann , Stefano Leucci , Chih-Hung Liu , Paolo Penna

We continue the study of selection and sorting of $n$ numbers under the adversarial comparator model, where comparisons can be adversarially tampered with if the arguments are sufficiently close. We derive a randomized sorting algorithm…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chris Trevisan

Flip-sort is a natural sorting procedure which raises fascinating combinatorial questions. It finds its roots in the seminal work of Knuth on stack-based sorting algorithms and leads to many links with permutation patterns. We present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Andrei Asinowski , Cyril Banderier , Benjamin Hackl
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