Related papers: A strict non-standard inequality .999... < 1
In 1930s Paul Erdos conjectured that for any positive integer $C$ in any infinite $\pm 1$ sequence $(x_n)$ there exists a subsequence $x_d, x_{2d}, x_{3d},\dots, x_{kd}$, for some positive integers $k$ and $d$, such that $\mid \sum_{i=1}^k…
We introduce a first-order theory of finite full binary trees and then identify decidable and undecidable fragments of this theory. We show that the analogue of Hilbert`s 10th Problem is undecidable by constructing a many-to-one reduction…
An elliptic divisibility sequence (EDS) is a sequence of integers W_0,W_1,W_2,... generated by the nonlinear recursion satisfied by the division polyomials of an elliptic curve. We give a formula for the sign of W_n for unbounded…
Given a finite nonempty sequence of integers S, by grouping adjacent terms it is always possible to write it, possibly in many ways, as S = X Y^k, where X and Y are sequences and Y is nonempty. Choose the version which maximizes the value…
In this article we find some properties of certain types of entropies of a natural number. Also, regarding the entropy H of a natural number, introduced by Minculete and Pozna, we generalize this notion for ideals and we find some of its…
We prove that every elementary $(\infty,1)$-topos has a natural number object. We achieve this by defining the loop space of the circle and showing that we can construct a natural number object out of it. Part of the proof involves showing…
If the list of binary numbers is read by upward-sloping diagonals, the resulting ``sloping binary numbers'' 0, 11, 110, 101, 100, 1111, 1010, ... (or 0, 3, 6, 5, 4, 15, 10, ...) have some surprising properties. We give formulae for the n-th…
Natural numbers satisfying an unusual property are mentioned by the author in [5], in which their infinitude is also proved. In this paper, we start with an arbitrary natural number which is not a multiple of 10 and non-palindromic, form…
The property of exponential dichotomy can be seen as a generalization of the hyperbolicity condition for non autonomous linear finite dimensional systems of ordinary differential equations. In 1978 W.A. Coppel proved that the exponential…
A classical result of Khinchin says that for almost all real numbers $\alpha$, the geometric mean of the first $n$ digits $a_i(\alpha)$ in the continued fraction expansion of $\alpha$ converges to a number $K = 2.6854520\ldots$ (Khinchin's…
L\"uroth series, like regular continued fractions, provide an interesting identification of real numbers with infinite sequences of integers. These sequences give deep arithmetic and measure-theoretic properties of subsets of numbers…
With the discovery of Dark Energy, $\Lambda_{DE}$, there is now a universal length scale, $\ell_{DE}=c/(\Lambda_{DE} G)^{1/2}$, associated with the universe that allows for an extension of the geodesic equations of motion. In this paper, we…
Given a set $S \subseteq \mathbb{R}^2$, define the \emph{Helly number of $S$}, denoted by $H(S)$, as the smallest positive integer $N$, if it exists, for which the following statement is true: for any finite family $\mathcal{F}$ of convex…
We study the asymptotics of the moments of arithmetic functions that have a limit distribution, not necessarily normal, defined on a subset of the natural series that satisfies certain requirements. Several assertions are proved on…
A number is normal in base $b$ if, in its base $b$ expansion, all blocks of digits of equal length have the same asymptotic frequency. The rate at which a number approaches normality is quantified by the classical notion of discrepancy,…
It is considered a semilinear elliptic partial differential equation in $\mathbb{R}^N$ with a potential that may vanish at infinity and a nonlinear term with subcritical growth. A positive solution is proved to exist depending on the…
The paper proves the equivalence of the notions of nondeterministic and deterministic parameter testing for uniform dense hypergraphs of arbitrary order. It generalizes the result previously known only for the case of simple graphs. By a…
The dS swampland conjecture $|\nabla V|/V \geq c$, where $c$ is presumed to be a positive constant of order unity, implies that the dark energy density of our Universe can not be a cosmological constant, but mostly the potential energy of…
Given quantities $\Delta_1,\Delta_2,\dots\geqslant 0$, a fundamental problem in Diophantine approximation is to understand which irrational numbers $x$ have infinitely many reduced rational approximations $a/q$ such that $|x-a/q|<\Delta_q$.…
Gardiner, Lazarus, Metropolis, and Ulam introduced a variation of the sieve of Eratosthenes that (instead of producing the sequence of prime numbers) produces the sequence of "lucky numbers". The distribution of lucky numbers has a striking…