Related papers: Unparticle actions and gauge invariance
In particle physics, the fundamental forces are subject to symmetries called gauge invariance. It is a redundancy in the mathematical description of any physical system. In this article I will demonstrate that the transformer architecture…
We study the U(1) Higgs model in spacetime-dependent background fields (a background metric and a background scalar field). Particle creation can occur because of the time-dependence of these background fields. In gauge theories, there is a…
Since the particles such as molecules, atoms and nuclei are composite particles, it is important to recognize that physics must be invariant for the composite particles and their constituent particles, this requirement is called particle…
Here we present an overview on the various works, in which many collaborators have contributed, regarding the interesting dipole of noncommutativity and physics. In brief, we present the features that noncommutativity triggers both in the…
Although gauge invariance preserves the values of physical observables, a gauge transformation can introduce important alterations of physical interpretations. To understand this, it is first shown that a gauge transformation is not, in…
We explore phenomenological consequences of coupling a non-conformal scale-invariant theory to the standard model. We point out that, under certain circumstances, non-conformal scale-invariant theories have oscillating correlation functions…
Gauge invariance requires even in the weak interactions that physical, observable particles are described by gauge-invariant composite operators. Such operators have the same structure as those describing bound states, and consequently the…
We list all possible dim=6 CP conserving and SU(3)* SU(2)*U(1) gauge invariant interactions, which could be generated in case no new particles would be reachable in the future Colliders, and the only observable New Physics would be in the…
It is shown how gauge invariance is obtained for the coupling of a photon to a two-body state described by the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. This is illustrated both for a complex scalar field theory and for interaction kernels…
Unstable particles cannot be treated as asymptotic external states in $S$-matrix theory and when they occur as resonant states cannot be described by finite-order perturbation theory. The known facts concerning unstable particles are…
We consider a model of classical noncommutative particle in an external electromagnetic field. For this model, we prove the existence of generalized gauge transformations. Classical dynamics in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian form is discussed,…
We show the inconsistency of the argument linking the integral quantum Hall effect to gauge invariance. The inconsistency mainly consists of equating gauge and real vector potential transformations for a particular system geometry. Correct…
The concept of perturbative gauge invariance formulated exclusively by means of asymptotic fields is generalized to massive gauge fields. Applying it to the electroweak theory leads to a complete fixing of couplings of scalar and ghost…
Using perturbation theory, we explore the universal high momentum behavior of correlation functions of gauge invariant operators in planar noncommutative gauge theories. We find that the correlation functions are strongly enhanced when…
We demonstrate that a non-vanishing interaction force exists between pairs of induced dipoles in random, statistically stationary electromagnetic field. This new type of optical binding force leads to long-range interaction between dipolar…
It has been known for a while that there is spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry in the nonzero charged sectors of quantum electrodynamics due to the infrared problem of soft photons. More recently, it has also been suggested that…
It is shown that gauge theories are most naturally studied via a polar decomposition of the field variable. Gauge transformations may be viewed as those that leave the density invariant but change the phase variable by additive amounts. The…
It is shown how to construct exactly gauge-invariant S-matrix elements for processes involving unstable gauge particles such as the $Z^0$ boson. The results are applied to derive a physically meaningful expression for the cross-section…
We review some selected aspects of the construction of gauge invariant operators in field theories on non-commutative spaces and their relation to the energy momentum tensor as well as to the non-commutative loop equations.
A gauge-invariant color-charge operator is defined and related to an integral of the gauge-invariant chromoelectric field over a closed surface. We discuss the case of a surface all of whose points are a macroscopic distance from a system…