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A concept is proposed to extend authorised translations of documents to electronically signed, digital documents. Central element of the solution is an electronic seal, embodied as an XML data structure, which attests to the correctness of…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jan Piechalski , Andreas U. Schmidt

Cross-lingual text representations have gained popularity lately and act as the backbone of many tasks such as unsupervised machine translation and cross-lingual information retrieval, to name a few. However, evaluation of such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Mikhail Fain , Niall Twomey , Danushka Bollegala

The predictive uncertainty of machine translation (MT) models is typically used as a quality estimation proxy. In this work, we posit that apart from confidently translating when a single correct translation exists, models should also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ieva Raminta Staliūnaitė , Julius Cheng , Andreas Vlachos

The Unified Modelling Language is emerging as a de-facto standard for modelling object-oriented systems. However, the semantics document that a part of the standard definition primarily provides a description of the language's syntax and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-09-25 Andy Evans , Kevin Lano , Robert France , Bernhard Rumpe

Standard automatic metrics, e.g. BLEU, are not reliable for document-level MT evaluation. They can neither distinguish document-level improvements in translation quality from sentence-level ones, nor identify the discourse phenomena that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yuchen Eleanor Jiang , Tianyu Liu , Shuming Ma , Dongdong Zhang , Jian Yang , Haoyang Huang , Rico Sennrich , Ryan Cotterell , Mrinmaya Sachan , Ming Zhou

The evaluation of image captions, looking at both linguistic fluency and semantic correspondence to visual contents, has witnessed a significant effort. Still, despite advancements such as the CLIPScore metric, multilingual captioning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Gonçalo Gomes , Chrysoula Zerva , Bruno Martins

This paper evaluates current Large Language Model (LLM) benchmarking for Icelandic, identifies problems, and calls for improved evaluation methods in low/medium-resource languages in particular. We show that benchmarks that include…

Automatic evaluation on low-resource language translation suffers from a deficiency of parallel corpora. Round-trip translation could be served as a clever and straightforward technique to alleviate the requirement of the parallel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Terry Yue Zhuo , Qiongkai Xu , Xuanli He , Trevor Cohn

The term translationese has been used to describe the presence of unusual features of translated text. In this paper, we provide a detailed analysis of the adverse effects of translationese on machine translation evaluation results. Our…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-25 Yvette Graham , Barry Haddow , Philipp Koehn

Given the wide use of forgery throughout history, scholars have and are continuously engaged in assessing the authenticity of historical documents. However, online catalogues merely offer descriptive metadata for these documents, relegating…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Andrea Schimmenti , Valentina Pasqual , Francesca Tomasi , Fabio Vitali , Marieke van Erp

Transformer-based autoregressive sampling has been the major bottleneck for slowing down large language model inferences. One effective way to accelerate inference is \emph{Speculative Decoding}, which employs a small model to sample a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Ming Yin , Minshuo Chen , Kaixuan Huang , Mengdi Wang

Many of quality approaches are described in hundreds of textual pages. Manual processing of information consumes plenty of resources. In this report we present a text mining approach applied on CMMI, one well known and widely known quality…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-11-12 Zádor Dániel Kelemen , Rob Kusters , Jos Trienekens , Katalin Balla

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) has drawn growing interest within the scientific community. LLMs can handle large volumes of textual data and support methods for evidence synthesis. Although recent studies highlight the potential of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Cauã Ferreira Barros , Marcos Kalinowski , Mohamad Kassab , Valdemar Vicente Graciano Neto

Open-ended text generation has become a prominent task in natural language processing due to the rise of powerful (large) language models. However, evaluating the quality of these models and the employed decoding strategies remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Esteban Garces Arias , Hannah Blocher , Julian Rodemann , Meimingwei Li , Christian Heumann , Matthias Aßenmacher

Despite the recent success of automatic metrics for assessing translation quality, their application in evaluating the quality of machine-translated chats has been limited. Unlike more structured texts like news, chat conversations are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Sweta Agrawal , Amin Farajian , Patrick Fernandes , Ricardo Rei , André F. T. Martins

Pre-training large-scale language models (LMs) requires huge amounts of text corpora. LMs for English enjoy ever growing corpora of diverse language resources. However, less resourced languages and their mono- and multilingual LMs often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Maria Khvalchik , Mikhail Galkin

Consistency is a key requirement of high-quality translation. It is especially important to adhere to pre-approved terminology and adapt to corrected translations in domain-specific projects. Machine translation (MT) has achieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Yasmin Moslem

Text summarization has a wide range of applications in many scenarios. The evaluation of the quality of the generated text is a complex problem. A big challenge to language evaluation is that there is a clear divergence between existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Ning Wu , Ming Gong , Linjun Shou , Shining Liang , Daxin Jiang

Despite the impressive quality improvements yielded by neural machine translation (NMT) systems, controlling their translation output to adhere to user-provided terminology constraints remains an open problem. We describe our approach to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Eva Hasler , Adrià De Gispert , Gonzalo Iglesias , Bill Byrne

Evaluation plays a vital role in checking the quality of MT output. It is done either manually or automatically. Manual evaluation is very time consuming and subjective, hence use of automatic metrics is done most of the times. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-19 Aditi Kalyani , Hemant Kumud , Shashi Pal Singh , Ajai Kumar