Regulation without calibration

This article revisits the importance of the internal model principle in the literature of regulation and synchronization. Trajectory regulation, the task of regulating continuous-time signals generated by differential equations, is contrasted with event regulation, the task of only regulating discrete events associated with the trajectories. In trajectory regulation, the internal model principle requires an exact internal generator of the continuous-time trajectories, which translates into unrealistic calibration requirements. Event regulation is envisioned as a way to relieve calibration of the continuous behavior while ensuring reliability of the discrete events.