English

On the largest real root of independence polynomials of graphs, an ordering on graphs, and starlike trees

Combinatorics 2013-03-14 v1

Abstract

Let GG be a simple graph of order nn. An independent set in a graph is a set of pairwise non-adjacent vertices. The independence polynomial of GG is the polynomial I(G,x)=k=0ns(G,k)xkI(G,x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n} s(G,k) x^{k}, where s(G,k)s(G,k) is the number of independent sets of GG of size kk and s(G,0)=1s(G,0)=1. Clearly all real roots of I(G,x)I(G,x) are negative. Let ξ(G)\xi(G) be the largest real root of I(G,x)I(G,x). Let HH be a simple graph. By GHG \succeq H we mean that I(H,x)I(G,x)I(H,x)\geq I(G,x) for every xx in the interval [ξ(G),0][\xi(G),0]. We note that GHG\succeq H implies that ξ(G)ξ(H)\xi(G)\geq \xi(H). Also we let GHG\succ H if and only if GHG\succeq H and I(G,x)I(H,x)I(G,x)\neq I(H,x). We prove that for every tree TT of order nn, SnTPnS_n\succeq T\succeq P_n, where SnS_n and PnP_n are the star and the path of order n, respectively. By T=T(n1,,nk)T=T(n_1,\ldots,n_k) we mean a tree TT which has a vertex vv of degree kk such that Tv=Pn11++Pnk1T\setminus v=P_{n_1-1}+\cdots+P_{n_k-1}, that is TvT\setminus v is the disjoint union of the paths Pn11,,Pnk1P_{n_1-1},\ldots,P_{n_k-1}. Let X=(x1,,xk)X=(x_1,\ldots,x_k) and Y=(y1,,yk)Y=(y_1,\ldots,y_k), where x1xkx_1\geq \cdots\geq x_k and y1yky_1\geq\cdots\geq y_k are real. By XYX\succ Y, we mean x1=y1,,xt1=yt1x_1=y_1,\ldots,x_{t-1}=y_{t-1} and xt>ytx_t>y_t for some t{1,,k}t\in\{1,\ldots,k\}. We let XdYX\succ_{d}Y, if XYX\neq Y and for every jj, 1jk1\leq j\leq k, i=1jxii=1jyi\sum_{i=1}^{j}x_i\geq \sum_{i=1}^{j}y_i. Among all trees with fixed number of vertices, we show that if (m1,,mk)d(n1,,nk)(m_1,\ldots,m_k)\succ_{d}(n_1,\ldots,n_k), then T(n1,,nk)T(m1,,mk)T(n_1,\ldots,n_k)\succ T(m_1,\ldots,m_k). We conjecture that T(n1,,nk)T(m1,,mk)T(n_1,\ldots,n_k)\succ T(m_1,\ldots,m_k) if and only if (m1,,mk)(n1,,nk)(m_1,\ldots,m_k)\succ (n_1,\ldots,n_k), where i=1kni=i=1kmi\sum_{i=1}^kn_i=\sum_{i=1}^km_i.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1303.3222,
  title  = {On the largest real root of independence polynomials of graphs, an ordering on graphs, and starlike trees},
  author = {Mohammad Reza Oboudi},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1303.3222},
  year   = {2013}
}

Comments

16 pages,5 figures