Imaginary Zeroth-Order Optimization

Zeroth-order optimization methods are developed to overcome the practical hurdle of having knowledge of explicit derivatives. Instead, these schemes work with merely access to noisy functions evaluations. One of the predominant approaches is to mimic first-order methods by means of some gradient estimator. The theoretical limitations are well-understood, yet, as most of these methods rely on finite-differencing for shrinking differences, numerical cancellation can be catastrophic. The numerical community developed an efficient method to overcome this by passing to the complex domain. This approach has been recently adopted by the optimization community and in this work we analyze the practically relevant setting of dealing with computational noise. To exemplify the possibilities we focus on the strongly-convex optimization setting and provide a variety of non-asymptotic results, corroborated by numerical experiments, and end with local non-convex optimization.