Query-Efficient Zeroth-Order Algorithms for Nonconvex Constrained Optimization

Zeroth-order optimization (ZO) has been a powerful framework for solving black-box problems, which estimates gradients using zeroth-order data to update variables iteratively. The practical applicability of ZO critically depends on the efficiency of single-step gradient estimation and the overall query complexities. However, existing constrained ZO algorithms cannot achieve efficiency on both simultaneously. In this work, we consider a general constrained optimization model with black-box objective and constraint functions. To solve it, we propose novel algorithms that can achieve the best-known overall query complexity bound of $\mathcal{O}(d/\epsilon^4)$ to find an $\epsilon$-stationary solution ($d$ is the dimension of variables), while reducing the queries for estimating a single-step gradient from $\mathcal{O}(d)$ to $\mathcal{O}(1)$. Specifically, we integrate block gradient estimators with gradient descent ascent, which leads to two algorithms, ZOB-GDA and ZOB-SGDA, respectively. Instead of constructing full gradients, they estimate only partial gradients along random blocks of dimensions, where the adjustable block sizes enable high single-step efficiency without sacrificing convergence guarantees. Our theoretical results establish the finite-sample convergence of the proposed algorithms for nonconvex optimization. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithms compared to existing methods.