Development of a data overflow protection system for Super-Kamiokande to maximize data from nearby supernovae
Abstract
Neutrinos from very nearby supernovae, such as Betelgeuse, are expected to generate more than ten million events over 10\,s in Super-Kamokande (SK). At such large event rates, the buffers of the SK analog-to-digital conversion board (QBEE) will overflow, causing random loss of data that is critical for understanding the dynamics of the supernova explosion mechanism. In order to solve this problem, two new DAQ modules were developed to aid in the observation of very nearby supernovae. The first of these, the SN module, is designed to save only the number of hit PMTs during a supernova burst and the second, the Veto module, prescales the high rate neutrino events to prevent the QBEE from overflowing based on information from the SN module. In the event of a very nearby supernova, these modules allow SK to reconstruct the time evolution of the neutrino event rate from beginning to end using both QBEE and SN module data. This paper presents the development and testing of these modules together with an analysis of supernova-like data generated with a flashing laser diode. We demonstrate that the Veto module successfully prevents DAQ overflows for Betelgeuse-like supernovae as well as the long-term stability of the new modules. During normal running the Veto module is found to issue DAQ vetos a few times per month resulting in a total dead time less than 1\,ms, and does not influence ordinary operations. Additionally, using simulation data we find that supernovae closer than 800~pc will trigger Veto module resulting in a prescaling of the observed neutrino data.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2404.08725,
title = {Development of a data overflow protection system for Super-Kamiokande to maximize data from nearby supernovae},
author = {M. Mori and K. Abe and Y. Hayato and K. Hiraide and K. Hosokawa and K. Ieki and M. Ikeda and J. Kameda and Y. Kanemura and R. Kaneshima and Y. Kashiwagi and Y. Kataoka and S. Miki and S. Mine and M. Miura and S. Moriyama and Y. Nakano and M. Nakahata and S. Nakayama and Y. Noguchi and K. Okamoto and K. Sato and H. Sekiya and H. Shiba and K. Shimizu and M. Shiozawa and Y. Sonoda and Y. Suzuki and A. Takeda and Y. Takemoto and A. Takenaka and H. Tanaka and S. Watanabe and T. Yano and S. Han and T. Kajita and K. Okumura and T. Tashiro and T. Tomiya and X. Wang and S. Yoshida and G. D. Megias and P. Fernandez and L. Labarga and N. Ospina and B. Zaldivar and B. W. Pointon and E. Kearns and J. L. Raaf and L. Wan and T. Wester and J. Bian and N. J. Griskevich and S. Locke and M. B. Smy and H. W. Sobel and V. Takhistov and A. Yankelevich and J. Hill and M. C. Jang and S. H. Lee and D. H. Moon and R. G. Park and B. Bodur and K. Scholberg and C. W. Walter and A. Beauchene and O. Drapier and A. Giampaolo and Th. A. Mueller and A. D. Santos and P. Paganini and B. Quilain and R. Rogly and T. Ishizuka and T. Nakamura and J. S. Jang and J. G. Learned and K. Choi and N. Iovine and S. Cao and L. H. V. Anthony and D. Martin and M. Scott and A. A. Sztuc and Y. Uchida and V. Berardi and M. G. Catanesi and E. Radicioni and N. F. Calabria and A. Langella and L. N. Machado and G. De Rosa and G. Collazuol and F. Iacob and M. Lamoureux and M. Mattiazzi and L. Ludovici and M. Gonin and L. Perisse and G. Pronost and C. Fujisawa and Y. Maekawa and Y. Nishimura and R. Okazaki and R. Akutsu and M. Friend and T. Hasegawa and T. Ishida and T. Kobayashi and M. Jakkapu and T. Matsubara and T. Nakadaira and K. Nakamura and Y. Oyama and K. Sakashita and T. Sekiguchi and T. Tsukamoto and N. Bhuiyan and G. T. Burton and R. Edwards and F. Di Lodovico and J. Gao and A. Goldsack and T. Katori and J. Migenda and R. M. Ramsden and Z. Xie and S. Zsoldos and Y. Kotsar and H. Ozaki and A. T. Suzuki and Y. Takagi and Y. Takeuchi and H. Zhong and C. Bronner and J. Feng and J. R. Hu and Z. Hu and M. Kawaune and T. Kikawa and F. LiCheng and T. Nakaya and R. A. Wendell and K. Yasutome and S. J. Jenkins and N. McCauley and P. Mehta and A. Tarant and Y. Fukuda and Y. Itow and H. Menjo and K. Ninomiya and Y. Yoshioka and J. Lagoda and S. M. Lakshmi and M. Mandal and P. Mijakowski and Y. S. Prabhu and J. Zalipska and M. Jia and J. Jiang and C. K. Jung and W. Shi and M. J. Wilking and C. Yanagisawa and M. Harada and Y. Hino and H. Ishino and H. Kitagawa and Y. Koshio and F. Nakanishi and S. Sakai and T. Tada and T. Tano and G. Barr and D. Barrow and L. Cook and S. Samani and D. Wark and A. Holin and F. Nova and S. Jung and B. S. Yang and J. Y. Yang and J. Yoo and J. E. P. Fannon and L. Kneale and M. Malek and J. M. McElwee and M. D. Thiesse and L. F. Thompson and S. Wilson and H. Okazawa and S. B. Kim and E. Kwon and J. W. Seo and I. Yu and A. K. Ichikawa and K. D. Nakamura and S. Tairafune and K. Nishijima and A. Eguchi and K. Nakagiri and Y. Nakajima and S. Shima and N. Taniuchi and E. Watanabe and M. Yokoyama and P. de Perio and S. Fujita and K. Martens and K. M. Tsui and M. R. Vagins and C. J. Valls and J. Xia and M. Kuze and S. Izumiyama and M. Ishitsuka and H. Ito and T. Kinoshita and R. Matsumoto and Y. Ommura and N. Shigeta and M. Shinoki and T. Suganuma and K. Yamauchi and T. Yoshida and J. F. Martin and H. A. Tanaka and T. Towstego and R. Gaur and V. Gousy-Leblanc and M. Hartz and A. Konaka and X. Li and N. W. Prouse and S. Chen and B. D. Xu and B. Zhang and M. Posiadala-Zezula and S. B. Boyd and D. Hadley and M. Nicholson and M. O' Flaherty and B. Richards and A. Ali and B. Jamieson and S. Amanai and Ll. Marti and A. Minamino and G. Pintaudi and S. Sano and S. Suzuki and K. Wada},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.08725},
year = {2024}
}
Comments
28 pages, 18 figures. Submitted to PTEP