Pre-Supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande
Abstract
In 2020, the Super-Kamiokande (SK) experiment moved to a new stage (SK-Gd) in which gadolinium (Gd) sulfate octahydrate was added to the water in the detector, enhancing the efficiency to detect thermal neutrons and consequently improving the sensitivity to low energy electron anti-neutrinos from inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions. SK-Gd has the potential to provide early alerts of incipient core-collapse supernovae through detection of electron anti-neutrinos from thermal and nuclear processes responsible for the cooling of massive stars before the gravitational collapse of their cores. These pre-supernova neutrinos emitted during the silicon burning phase can exceed the energy threshold for IBD reactions. We present the sensitivity of SK-Gd to pre-supernova stars and the techniques used for the development of a pre-supernova alarm based on the detection of these neutrinos in SK, as well as prospects for future SK-Gd phases with higher concentrations of Gd. For the current SK-Gd phase, high-confidence alerts for Betelgeuse could be issued up to nine hours in advance of the core-collapse itself.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2205.09881,
title = {Pre-Supernova Alert System for Super-Kamiokande},
author = {Kamiokande Collaboration and L. N. Machado and K. Abe and Y. Hayato and K. Hiraide and K. Ieki and M. Ikeda and J. Kameda and Y. Kanemura and R. Kaneshima and Y. Kashiwagi and Y. Kataoka and S. Miki and S. Mine and M. Miura and S. Moriyama and Y. Nakano and M. Nakahata and S. Nakayama and Y. Noguchi and K. Okamoto and K. Sato and H. Sekiya and H. Shiba and K. Shimizu and M. Shiozawa and Y. Sonoda and Y. Suzuki and A. Takeda and Y. Takemoto and A. Takenaka and H. Tanaka and S. Watanabe and T. Yano and P. de Perio and K. Martens and M. R. Vagins and J. Bian and N. J. Griskevich and W. R. Kropp and S. Locke and M. B. Smy and H. W. Sobel and V. Takhistov and A. Yankelevich and S. Han and T. Kajita and K. Okumura and T. Tashiro and T. Tomiya and X. Wang and J. Xia and S. Yoshida and G. D. Megias and P. Fernandez and L. Labarga and N. Ospina and B. Zaldivar and B. W. Pointon and R. Akutsu and V. Gousy-Leblanc and M. Hartz and A. Konaka and N. W. Prouse and E. Kearns and J. L. Raaf and L. Wan and T. Wester and J. Hill and J. Y. Kim and I. T. Lim and R. G. Park and B. Bodur and K. Scholberg and C. W. Walter and L. Bernard and A. Coffani and O. Drapier and S. El Hedri and A. Giampaolo and Th. A. Mueller and A. D. Santos and P. Paganini and B. Quilain and T. Ishizuka and T. Nakamura and J. S. Jang and J. G. Learned and S. Cao and K. Choi and L. H. V. Anthony and D. Martin and M. Scott and A. A. Sztuc and Y. Uchida and V. Berardi and M. G. Catanesi and E. Radicioni and N. F. Calabria and G. De Rosa and G. Collazuol and F. Iacob and M. Lamoureux and M. Mattiazzi and L. Ludovici and M. Gonin and G. Pronost and C. Fujisawa and Y. Maekawa and Y. Nishimura and R. Sasaki and M. Friend and T. Hasegawa and T. Ishida and M. Jakkapu and T. Kobayashi and T. Matsubara and T. Nakadaira and K. Nakamura and Y. Oyama and K. Sakashita and T. Sekiguchi and T. Tsukamoto and T. Boschi and F. Di Lodovico and J. Gao and A. Goldsack and T. Katori and J. Migenda and M. Taani and S. Zsoldos and Y. Kotsar and H. Ozaki and A. T. Suzuki and Y. Takeuchi and S. Yaamoto and C. Bronner and J. Feng and T. Kikawa and M. Mori and T. Nakaya and R. A. Wendell and K. Yasutome and S. J. Jenkins and N. McCauley and P. Mehta and K. M. Tsui and Y. Fukuda and Y. Itow and H. Menjo and K. Ninomiya and J. Lagoda and S. M. Lakshmi and M. Mandal and P. Mijakowski and Y. S. Prabhu and J. Zalipska and M. Jia and J. Jiang and C. K. Jung and M. J. Wilking and C. Yanagisawa and M. Harada and H. Ishino and S. Ito and H. Kitagawa and Y. Koshio and W. Ma and F. Nakanishi and S. Sakai and G. Barr and D. Barrow and L. Cook and S. Samani and D. Wark and F. Nova and J. Y. Yang and M. Malek and J. M. McElwee and O. Stone and M. D. Thiesse and L. F. Thompson and H. Okazawa and S. B. Kim and J. W. Seo and I. Yu and A. K. Ichikawa and K. D. Nakamura and S. Tairafune and K. Nishijima and K. Iwamoto and K. Nakagiri and Y. Nakajima and N. Taniuchi and M. Yokoyama and S. Izumiyama and M. Kuze and M. Inomoto and M. Ishitsuka and H. Ito and T. Kinoshita and R. Matsumoto and Y. Ommura and N. Shigeta and M. Shinoki and T. Suganuma and M. Yonenaga and J. F. Martin and H. A. Tanaka and T. Towstego and S. Chen and B. D. Xu and B. Zhang and M. Posiadala-Zezula and D. Hadley and M. Nicholson and M. O'Flaherty and B. Richards and A. Ali and B. Jamieson and Ll. Marti and A. Minamino and G. Pintaudi and S. Sano and S. Suzuki and K. Wada},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.09881},
year = {2022}
}
Comments
20 pages