English

Critical factorisation in square-free words

Combinatorics 2021-07-21 v1 Discrete Mathematics

Abstract

A position pp in a word ww is critical if the minimal local period at pp is equal to the global period of ww. According to the Critical Factorisation Theorem all words of length at least two have a critical point. We study the number η(w)\eta(w) of critical points of square-free ternary words ww, i.e., words over a three letter alphabet. We show that the sufficiently long square-free words ww satisfy η(w)w5\eta(w) \le |w|-5 where w|w| denotes the length of ww. Moreover, the bound w5|w|-5 is reached by infinitely many words. On the other hand, every square-free word ww has at least w/4|w|/4 critical points, and there is a sequence of these words closing to this bound.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2107.09421,
  title  = {Critical factorisation in square-free words},
  author = {Tero Harju},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.09421},
  year   = {2021}
}

Comments

11 pages

R2 v1 2026-06-24T04:21:30.307Z