Application of exhaustive simulation flow for advanced performance prediction of monolithic active pixel sensors
Abstract
Monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) developments have pushed the detection performance in various directions, especially relative to timing where nanosecond-level precision is now considered. This evolution calls for a simultaneous upgrade of the simulation tools. We have developed a simulation flow that covers steps from the signal creation in the sensitive volume to the output of the pixel digital logic that performs the time-of-arrival and time-over-threshold (ToA/ToT) measurements. This approach adds several new features to the traditional use the of the TCAD - Allpix Squared duo, among which : the integration of the pixel wells from the layout in order to precisely describe the pixel key characteristics such as leakage and punch-through currents and the coupling of Monte Carlo simulations (Allpix Squared) with high precision electrical simulations (SPICE). The first (Allpix Squared) for the precise description of the current induced at the collection electrode and the second (SPICE) to guarantee high precision simulation of the front-end electronics using realistic signal events. Irradiation is also modeled, both from the charge propagation side (charge trapping) and from the front-end response side (high input signal discharge). We have applied this methodology to the MAPS developed in the context of the Belle II vertex detector upgrade. In this contribution, we detail the key features of the exhaustive simulation flow, present the outcome of the comparison with the TJ-Monopix2 measurements and discuss the interest of the methodology for the development of modern MAPS.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2605.13760,
title = {Application of exhaustive simulation flow for advanced performance prediction of monolithic active pixel sensors},
author = {E. Sacchetti and M. Babeluk and T. Bergauer and M. Friedl and C. Irmler and B. Pilsl and R. Russo and C. Schwanda and L. Gaioni and V. Re and E. Riceputi and G. Traversi and S. Giroletti and L. Ratti and G. F. Benfratello and S. Bettarini and F. Bosi and G. Casarosa and L. Corona and F. Forti and A. Gabrielli and M. Massa and L. Massaccesi and M. Minuti and A. Moggi and S. Mondal and G. Rizzo and M. Rovini and A. Taffara and M. Barbero and P. Barrillon and R. Boudagga and P. Breugnon and D. Fougeron and P. Pangaud and J. Serrano and V. Vobbilisetti and D. Xu and D. Auguste and J. Bonis and Y. Peinaud and M. Winter and J. Baudot and G. Bertolone and A. Dorokhov and G. Dujany and L. Federici and C. Finck and A. Himmi and C. Hu-Guo and A. Kumar and M. Maushart and F. Morel and H. Pham and I. Ripp-Baudot and R. Sefri and P. Stavroulakis and I. Valin and F. Bernlochner and C. Bespin and J. Dingfelder and T. Kishishita and H. Kruger and L. Schall and M. Vogt and M. Karagounis and Y. Buch and A. Frey and B. Schwenker and M. Schwickardi and K. Hara and D. Jeans and K. R. Nakamura and Y. Okazaki and T. Higuchi and Y. Onuki and S. Wang and C. Lacasta and C. Marinas and J. Mazorra de Cos and L. Molina-Bueno and A. Bevan and M. Bona and D. Howgill and W. Song and J. Gong and X. Gao and A. Fernandez Prieto and A. Gallas Torreira},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.13760},
year = {2026}
}