English

An approximation of the Collatz map and a lower bound for the average total stopping time

Dynamical Systems 2024-08-14 v3 Combinatorics Number Theory Probability

Abstract

Define the map T\mathsf{T} on the positive integers by T(m)=m2\mathsf{T}(m)=\frac{m}{2} if mm is even and by T(m)=3m+12\mathsf{T}(m)=\frac{3m+1}{2} if mm is odd. Results of Terras and Everett imply that, given any ϵ>0\epsilon>0, almost all mZ+m\in\mathbb{Z}^+ (in the sense of natural density) fulfill (32)km1ϵTk(m)(32)km1+ϵ(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})^km^{1-\epsilon}\leq \mathsf{T}^k(m)\leq (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})^km^{1+\epsilon} simultaneously for all 0kαlogm0\leq k\leq \alpha\log m with α=(log2)11.443\alpha=(\log 2)^{-1}\approx 1.443. We extend this result to α=2(log43)16.952\alpha=2(\log\frac{4}{3})^{-1}\approx 6.952, which is the maximally possible value. Set Tmin(m):=minnNTn(m)\mathsf{T}_{\min}(m):=\min_{n\in\mathbb{N}}\mathsf{T}^n(m). As an immediate consequence, one has Tmin(m)T2(log43)1logm(m)mϵ\mathsf{T}_{\min}(m)\leq\mathsf{T}^{\left\lfloor2(\log\frac{4}{3})^{-1}\log m\right\rfloor}(m)\leq m^{\epsilon} for almost all mZ+m\in\mathbb{Z}^+ for any given ϵ>0\epsilon>0. Previously, Korec has shown that Tmin(m)mϵ\mathsf{T}_{\min}(m)\leq m^\epsilon for almost all mZ+m\in\mathbb{Z}^+ if ϵ>log3log4\epsilon>\frac{\log3}{\log4}, and recently Tao proved that Tmin(m)f(m)\mathsf{T}_{\min}(m)\leq f(m) for almost all mZ+m\in\mathbb{Z}^+ (in the sense of logarithmic density) for all functions ff diverging to \infty. Denote by τ(m)\tau(m) the minimal nNn\in\mathbb{N} for which Tn(m)=1\mathsf{T}^n(m)=1 if there exists such an nn and set τ(m)=\tau(m)=\infty otherwise. As another application, we show that lim infx1xlogxm=1xτ(m)2(log43)1\liminf_{x\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{x\log x}\sum_{m=1}^{\lfloor x\rfloor}\tau(m)\geq 2(\log\frac{4}{3})^{-1}, partially answering a question of Crandall and Shanks. Under the assumption that the Collatz Conjecture is true in the strong sense that τ(m)\tau(m) is in O(logm)O(\log m), we show that limx1xlogxm=1xτ(m)=2(log43)1\lim_{x\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{x\log x}\sum_{m=1}^{\lfloor x\rfloor}\tau(m)= 2(\log\frac{4}{3})^{-1}.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2402.03276,
  title  = {An approximation of the Collatz map and a lower bound for the average total stopping time},
  author = {Manuel Inselmann},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.03276},
  year   = {2024}
}

Comments

New version with changes of exposition of results. An outline of proof of main result added. Approximation result for Syracuse map added. Further references added