English

A Proof of Bala's General-$m$ Representation of the Harmonic Numbers

Number Theory 2026-05-04 v2 Discrete Mathematics Combinatorics

Abstract

For every nonzero integer mm and every integer n1n \ge 1, the nn\textsuperscript{th} harmonic number Hn=1+12++1nH_n = 1 + \tfrac12 + \dots + \tfrac1n satisfies the identity Hn  =  1mk=1n(1)k+1k(mkk)(n+(m1)knk). H_n \;=\; \frac{1}{m}\,\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{(-1)^{k+1}}{k}\, \binom{m k}{k}\binom{n + (m-1)k}{n - k}. The cases m=1m = 1 and m=2m = 2 are classical; for general nonzero integer mm the identity was conjectured by P.~Bala in the OEIS entry A001008 in 2022 and remained open. We prove it here, working throughout in \QQ[[x]]\QQ[[x]]. The proof reduces, via a substitution u=x/(1x)mu = x/(1-x)^m, to two formal-power-series identities: a Lagrange--B\"urmann evaluation of k1(mkk)uk/k\sum_{k\ge1} \binom{mk}{k} u^k / k, and the fixed-point fact that under that substitution the unique solution v(u)v(u) of v=u(1v)mv = u(1-v)^{m} is v=xv = x. The argument extends verbatim to arbitrary complex m0m \ne 0.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2604.23206,
  title  = {A Proof of Bala's General-$m$ Representation of the Harmonic Numbers},
  author = {Tong Niu},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.23206},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

13 pages, v2: added Appendices A (verify_bala.py) and B (check_proof.py) inlining the verification code in full; Section 7 updated to cross-reference. Math content of Sections 1--6 unchanged