To deploy large Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models cost-effectively, offloading-based single-GPU heterogeneous inference is crucial. While GPU-CPU architectures that offload cold experts are constrained by host memory bandwidth, emerging GPU-NDP architectures utilize DIMM-NDP to offload non-hot experts. However, non-hot experts are not a homogeneous memory-bound group: a significant subset of warm experts exists is severely penalized by high GPU I/O latency yet can saturate NDP compute throughput, exposing a critical compute gap. We present TriMoE, a novel GPU-CPU-NDP architecture that fills this gap by synergistically leveraging AMX-enabled CPU to precisely map hot, warm, and cold experts onto their optimal compute units. We further introduce a bottleneck-aware expert scheduling policy and a prediction-driven dynamic relayout/rebalancing scheme. Experiments demonstrate that TriMoE achieves up to 2.83x speedup over state-of-the-art solutions.
@article{arxiv.2603.01058,
title = {TriMoE: Augmenting GPU with AMX-Enabled CPU and DIMM-NDP for High-Throughput MoE Inference via Offloading},
author = {Yudong Pan and Yintao He and Tianhua Han and Lian Liu and Shixin Zhao and Zhirong Chen and Mengdi Wang and Cangyuan Li and Yinhe Han and Ying Wang},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.01058},
year = {2026}
}