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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models facilitate edge deployment by decoupling model capacity from active computation, yet their large memory footprint drives the need for GPU systems with near-data processing (NDP) capabilities that offload…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Qi Wu , Chao Fang , Jiayuan Chen , Ye Lin , Yueqi Zhang , Yichuan Bai , Yuan Du , Li Du

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models through conditional computation, but inference becomes memory-bound once expert weights exceed the capacity of GPU memory. In this case, weights must be offloaded to external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Zehao Fan , Zhenyu Liu , Yunzhen Liu , Yayue Hou , Hadjer Benmeziane , Kaoutar El Maghraoui , Liu Liu

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a key technique for scaling Large Language Models by activating only a subset of experts per query. Deploying MoE on consumer-grade edge hardware, however, is constrained by limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Guoying Zhu , Meng Li , Haipeng Dai , Xuechen Liu , Weijun Wang , Keran Li , Jun xiao , Ligeng Chen , Wei Wang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has become increasingly popular as a method to scale up large language models (LLMs). To save costs, heterogeneity-aware training solutions have been proposed to utilize GPU clusters made up of both…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Yongji Wu , Xueshen Liu , Shuowei Jin , Ceyu Xu , Feng Qian , Z. Morley Mao , Matthew Lentz , Danyang Zhuo , Ion Stoica

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture improves computational efficiency via sparse expert activation, but throughput-oriented inference faces substantial GPU memory pressure due to a significant parameter size and intermediate data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Muyoung Son , Yi Chen , Seungjae Yoo , Soongyu Choi , Joo-Young Kim

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, though highly effective for various machine learning tasks, face significant deployment challenges on memory-constrained devices. While GPUs offer fast inference, their limited memory compared to CPUs means…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yujie Zhang , Shivam Aggarwal , Tulika Mitra

The mixture-of-experts (MoE) architecture scales model size with sublinear computational increase but suffers from memory-intensive inference due to KV caches and sparse expert activation. Recent disaggregated expert parallelism (DEP)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Wenxiang Lin , Yuxin Wang , Zhenheng Tang , Wei Wang , Xiaowen Chu

In recent years, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the capacity of deep neural network (DNN) with sub-linear computational costs. However, storing all experts on GPUs incurs significant memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Suraiya Tairin , Shohaib Mahmud , Haiying Shen , Anand Iyer

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE), while offering significant advantages as a Large Language Model (LLM) architecture, faces substantial challenges when deployed on low-cost edge devices with tight memory constraints. Expert offloading mitigates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Liujianfu Wang , Yuyang Du , Yuchen Pan , Soung Chang Liew , Jiacheng Liu , Kexin Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) large language models (LLM) have memory requirements that often exceed the GPU memory capacity, requiring costly parameter movement from secondary memories to the GPU for expert computation. In this work, we present…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Taehyun Kim , Kwanseok Choi , Youngmock Cho , Jaehoon Cho , Hyuk-Jae Lee , Jaewoong Sim

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have recently demonstrated exceptional performance across a diverse range of applications. The principle of sparse activation in MoE models facilitates an offloading strategy, wherein active experts are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yushu Zhao , Yubin Qin , Yang Wang , Xiaolong Yang , Huiming Han , Shaojun Wei , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models offer computational efficiency during inference by activating only a subset of specialized experts for a given input. This enables efficient model scaling on multi-GPU systems that use expert parallelism…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Zachary Doucet , Rishi Sharma , Martijn de Vos , Rafael Pires , Anne-Marie Kermarrec , Oana Balmau

The promising applications of large language models are often limited by the constrained GPU memory capacity available on edge devices. Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models help address this issue by activating only a subset of the model's…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xiaoniu Song , Zihang Zhong , Rong Chen , Haibo Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a practical architecture for scaling LLM capacity while keeping per-token compute modest, but deploying MoE models on a single, memory-limited GPU remains difficult because expert weights dominate the HBM…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Kexin Chu , Dawei Xiang , Zixu Shen , Yiwei Yang , Zecheng Liu , Wei Zhang

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has demonstrated significant advantages as it enables to increase the model capacity without a proportional increase in computation. However, the large MoE model size still introduces substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Shuzhang Zhong , Yanfan Sun , Ling Liang , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang , Meng Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising architecture for modern large language models (LLMs). However, massive parameters impose heavy GPU memory (i.e., VRAM) demands, hindering the widespread adoption of MoE LLMs. Offloading…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Jiaming Yan , Jianchun Liu , Hongli Xu , Liusheng Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results across various tasks, yet their high computational demands pose deployment challenges, especially on consumer-grade hardware. Mixture of Experts (MoE) models provide an efficient…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 En-Ming Huang , Li-Shang Lin , Chun-Yi Lee

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become a fundamental building block in state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), improving domain-specific expertise in LLMs and scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ankit Jyothish , Ali Jannesari , Aishwarya Sarkar , Joseph Zuber

With the widespread adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, there is a growing demand for efficient inference on memory-constrained devices. While offloading expert parameters to CPU memory and loading activated experts on demand has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yuxin Zhou , Zheng Li , Jun Zhang , Jue Wang , Yiping Wang , Zhongle Xie , Ke Chen , Lidan Shou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model architectures can significantly reduce the number of activated parameters per token, enabling computationally efficient training and inference. However, their large overall parameter counts and model sizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Arian Raje , Anupam Nayak , Gauri Joshi
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