English

The Schulze Method of Voting

Computer Science and Game Theory 2025-10-28 v18

Abstract

We propose a new single-winner election method ("Schulze method") and prove that it satisfies many academic criteria (e.g. monotonicity, reversal symmetry, resolvability, independence of clones, Condorcet criterion, k-consistency, polynomial runtime). We then generalize this method to proportional representation by the single transferable vote ("Schulze STV") and to methods to calculate a proportional ranking ("Schulze proportional ranking"). Furthermore, we propose a generalization of the Condorcet criterion to multi-winner elections. This paper contains a large number of examples to illustrate the proposed methods.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1804.02973,
  title  = {The Schulze Method of Voting},
  author = {Markus Schulze},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.02973},
  year   = {2025}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-23T01:17:56.741Z