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Heisenberg uncertainty relation for relativistic electrons

Quantum Physics 2019-12-17 v3

Abstract

The Heisenberg uncertainty relation is derived for relativistic electrons described by the Dirac equation. The standard nonrelativistic lower bound 3/23/2\hbar is attained only in the limit and the wave function that reproduces this value is singular. At the other end, in the ultrarelativistic limit, the bound is the same as that found before for photons.

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Cite

@article{arxiv.1903.11575,
  title  = {Heisenberg uncertainty relation for relativistic electrons},
  author = {Iwo Bialynicki-Birula and Zofia Bialynicka-Birula},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.11575},
  year   = {2019}
}

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Corrected version

R2 v1 2026-06-23T08:21:14.508Z