English

First-order differential equations for a particle with spin $S = 1$

Quantum Physics 2018-01-26 v1

Abstract

A system of first-order differential equations for a particle with nonzero mass and spin S=1S = 1 is constructed. As distinct from the Proca-Duffin-Kemmer (PDK) equations, the system has the form of the dynamical equation itΨ^=H^Ψ^i\hbar\partial_t\hat{\Psi}=\hat{\mathrm{H}}\hat{\Psi} (with constraints) with a Hamiltonian linear in momentum. The six-component wave function yields the positive-definite probability density Ψ^Ψ^0\hat{\Psi}^{\dagger}\hat{\Psi}\geq 0. The system of equations has much in common with the Dirac and Maxwell equations.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.1801.08414,
  title  = {First-order differential equations for a particle with spin $S = 1$},
  author = {B. E. Grinyuk},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.08414},
  year   = {2018}
}
R2 v1 2026-06-22T23:56:06.254Z