English

Distinction between hyper-Kloosterman sums and multiplicative functions

Number Theory 2025-12-12 v3

Abstract

Let \kln(a,b;m)\kl_n(a,b;m) be the hyper-Kloosterman sum. Fix integers n2,a0n\geqslant2,a\neq0, b0b\neq0 and k2k\geqslant2. For any 0ηC0\neq\eta\in\mathbb{C} and multiplicative function f:NCf: \mathbb{N} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}, we prove that \kln(a,b;m)ηf(m)\kl_n(a,b;m)\neq\eta f(m) holds for 100%100\% square-free kk-almost prime numbers mm and 100%100\% square-free numbers mm. Counterintuitively, if \kln(a,b;p)=ηf(p)\kl_n(a,b;p)=\eta f(p) holds for all but finitely many primes pp, we further show that \begin{align*} \ab|\{m\leqslant X:\kl_n(a,b;m)=\eta f(m), m \text{ square-free }k\text{-almost prime}\}|= O(X^{1-\frac{1}{k+1}}). \end{align*} These results overturn the general belief that \kln(a,b;m)\kl_n(a,b;m) is nearly multiplicative in mm, and that its distribution at almost prime moduli mm closely approximates that at primes. Moreover, we prove that these results also hold for general algebraic exponential sums satisfying some natural conditions.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2510.10721,
  title  = {Distinction between hyper-Kloosterman sums and multiplicative functions},
  author = {Yang Zhang},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.10721},
  year   = {2025}
}

Comments

We have extended all the main results in the previous version to hyper-kloosterman sums, and the title of the paper adjusted accordingly

R2 v1 2026-07-01T06:32:30.810Z