The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized various artificial intelligence (AI) applications, from natural language processing to code generation. However, the computational demands of these models, particularly in training and inference, present significant challenges. Traditional systems are often unable to meet these requirements, necessitating the integration of cloud-native and distributed architectures. This paper explores the role of cloud platforms and distributed systems in supporting the scalability, efficiency, and optimization of LLMs. We discuss the complexities of LLM deployment, including data management, resource optimization, and the need for microservices, autoscaling, and hybrid cloud-edge solutions. Additionally, we examine emerging research trends, such as serverless inference, quantum computing, and federated learning, and their potential to drive the next phase of LLM innovation. The paper concludes with a roadmap for future developments, emphasizing the need for continued research, standardization, and cross-sector collaboration to sustain the growth of LLMs in both research and enterprise applications.
@article{arxiv.2604.17227,
title = {Cloud-native and Distributed Systems for Efficient and Scalable Large Language Models -- A Research Agenda},
author = {Minxian Xu and Jingfeng Wu and Shengye Song and Satish Narayana Srirama and Bahman Javad and Rajiv Ranjan and Devki Nandan Jha and Sa Wang and Wenhong Tian and Huanle Xu and Li Li and Zizhao Mo and Shuo Ren and Thomas Kunz and Petar Kochovski and Vlado Stankovski and Kejiang Ye and Chengzhong Xu and Rajkumar Buyya},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.17227},
year = {2026}
}