English

Chebyshev's bias for modular forms

Number Theory 2026-01-16 v2

Abstract

We study Chebyshev's bias for the signs of Fourier coefficients of cuspidal newforms on Γ0(N)\Gamma_0(N). Our main result shows that the bias towards either sign is completely determined by the order of vanishing of the LL-function L(s,f)L(s, f) at the central point of the critical strip. We then give several examples of modular forms where we explicitly compute the order of vanishing of L(s,f)L(s, f) at the central point and as a by-product, verify the super-positivity property, in the sense of Yun--Zhang (2017), for these examples.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2509.04187,
  title  = {Chebyshev's bias for modular forms},
  author = {Shin-ya Koyama and Arshay Sheth},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.04187},
  year   = {2026}
}

Comments

Updated version; minor typos corrected

R2 v1 2026-07-01T05:21:05.313Z