English

Almost everywhere balanced sequences of complexity $2n+1$

Dynamical Systems 2022-11-30 v4 Combinatorics

Abstract

We study ternary sequences associated with a multidimensional continued fraction algorithm introduced by the first author. The algorithm is defined by two matrices and we show that it is measurably isomorphic to the shift on the set {1,2}N\{1,2\}^\mathbb{N} of directive sequences. For a given set C\mathcal{C} of two substitutions, we show that there exists a C\mathcal{C}-adic sequence for every vector of letter frequencies or, equivalently, for every directive sequence. We show that their factor complexity is at most 2n+12n+1 and is 2n+12n+1 if and only if the letter frequencies are rationally independent if and only if the C\mathcal{C}-adic representation is primitive. It turns out that in this case, the sequences are dendric. We also prove that μ\mu-almost every C\mathcal{C}-adic sequence is balanced, where μ\mu is any shift-invariant ergodic Borel probability measure on {1,2}N\{1,2\}^\mathbb{N} giving a positive measure to the cylinder [12121212][12121212]. We also prove that the second Lyapunov exponent of the matrix cocycle associated with the measure μ\mu is negative.

Keywords

Cite

@article{arxiv.2102.10093,
  title  = {Almost everywhere balanced sequences of complexity $2n+1$},
  author = {Julien Cassaigne and Sébastien Labbé and Julien Leroy},
  journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2102.10093},
  year   = {2022}
}

Comments

42 pages, 9 figures. Extended and augmented version of arXiv:1707.02741

R2 v1 2026-06-23T23:20:16.218Z