Related papers: Gauge invariance and the vacuum state
Gauge invariance was discovered in the development of classical electromagnetism and was required when the latter was formulated in terms of the scalar and vector potentials. It is now considered to be a fundamental principle of nature,…
The construction of a gauge field theory for elementary particles usually starts by promoting global invariance of the matter action to a local one, this in turn implying the introduction of gauge fields. We present here a procedure that…
We demonstrate for the first time and unexpectedly that the Principle of Relativity dictates the choice of the "gauge conditions" in the canonical example of a Gauge Theory namely Classical Electromagnetism. All the known "gauge conditions"…
Universality of classical thermodynamics rests on the central limit theorem, due to which, measurements of thermal fluctuations are unable to reveal detailed information regarding the microscopic structure of a macroscopic body. When small…
In standard quantum field theory, the one-particle states are classified by the unitary representations of the Poincar\'e group, whereas the causal fields' classification employs the finite-dimensional (non-unitary) representations of the…
We propose a scheme leading to a non-perturbative definition of lattice field theories which are scale-invariant on the quantum level. A key idea of the construction is the replacement of the lattice spacing by a propagating dynamical field…
In particle physics, the fundamental forces are subject to symmetries called gauge invariance. It is a redundancy in the mathematical description of any physical system. In this article I will demonstrate that the transformer architecture…
The paper is the first of two parts of the work devoted to the investigation of constructing quantum theory of a closed universe as a system without asynptotic states. In Part I the role of asymptotic states in quantum theory of gravity is…
Gauge field theories may quite generally be defined as describing the coupling of a matter-field to an interaction-field, and they are suitably represented in the mathematical framework of fiber bundles. Their underlying principle is the…
Observed physical phenomena can be described well by quantum mechanics or general relativity. People may try to find an unified fundamental theory which mainly aims to merge gravity with quantum theory. However, difficulty in merging those…
We discuss here phase transitions in quantum field theory in the context of vacuum realignment through an explicit construction. Vacuum destabilisation may occur through a scalar attaining a nonzero expectation value, or through a…
Gauge invariance is the cornerstone of modern quantum field theory. Recently, it has been shown that the quantum Rabi model, describing the dipolar coupling between a two-level atom and a quantized electromagnetic field, violates this…
With the present trend in experimental particle physics of probing yet shorter distances and with the requirement on the theoretical side of renormalizability, conformal invariance becomes an attractive symmetry for particle interactions.…
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gauge symmetry of classical field theories in integral formalism. A gauge invariant theory is defined in terms of the invariance of the physical observables under the coordinate…
The properties of the vacuum are described by quantum physics including the response to external fields such as electromagnetic radiation. Of the two parameters that govern the details of the electromagnetic field dynamics in vacuum, one is…
We derive the universal real time $U(1)$ topological gauge field action for mixed quantum states of weakly correlated fermions in all dimensions, and demonstrate its independence of the underlying equilibrium or non-equilibrium nature of…
The existence of irreducible field fluctuations in vacuum is an important prediction of quantum theory. These fluctuations have many observable consequences, like the Casimir effect which is now measured with good accuracy and agreement…
The decay rate of a false vacuum is studied in gauge theory, paying particular attention to its gauge invariance. Although the decay rate should not depend on the gauge parameter $\xi$ according to the Nielsen identity, the gauge invariance…
A recent idea, put forward by Mund, Rehren and Schroer, is discussed; it suggests that in gauge quantum field theory one can replace the point-localized gauge fields by string-localized vector potentials built from gauge invariant…
Gauge invariant regularization of quantum field theory in the framework of Light-Front (LF) Hamiltonian formalism via introducing a lattice in transverse coordinates and imposing boundary conditions in LF coordinate $x^-$ for gauge fields…