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Landauer's principle, often regarded as the foundation of the thermodynamics of information processing, holds that any logically irreversible manipulation of information, such as the erasure of a bit or the merging of two computation paths,…

Classical Physics · Physics 2011-01-11 Charles H. Bennett

A restricted form of Landauer's Principle, independent of computational considerations, is shown to hold for thermal systems by reference to the joint entropy associated with conjugate observables. It is shown that the source of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-15 R. E. Kastner , Andreas Schlatter

An important step to incorporate information in the second law of thermodynamics was done by Landauer, showing that the erasure of information implies an increase in heat. Most attempts to justify Landauer's erasure principle are based on…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-04-04 Xavier Oriols , Hrvoje Nikolić

According to Landauer's principle, erasure of information is the only part of a computation process that unavoidably involves energy dissipation. If done reversibly, such an erasure generates the minimal heat of $k_BT\ln 2$ per erased bit…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-01-20 Dmitri V. Averin , Jukka P. Pekola

The Landauer principle establishes a fundamental lower bound on the energetic cost of the erasure of a one-bit memory in thermal equilibrium. Here, we experimentally demonstrate how this bound can be effectively circumvented by introducing…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-02-24 Salambô Dago , Ludovic Bellon

The Landauer principle states that decrease in entropy of a system, inevitably leads to a dissipation of heat to the environment. This statement is usually established by considering the system to be in contact with an environment that is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-18 Sayan Mondal , Aparajita Bhattacharyya , Ahana Ghoshal , Ujjwal Sen

We consider the generalized second law of black hole thermodynamics in the light of quantum information theory, in particular information erasure and Landauer's principle (namely, that erasure of information produces at least the equivalent…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 David D. Song , Elizabeth Winstanley

Landauer's principle gives a fundamental limit to the thermodynamic cost of erasing information. Its saturation requires a reversible isothermal process, and hence infinite time. We develop a finite-time version of Landauer's principle for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-08 Alberto Rolandi , Martí Perarnau-Llobet

The erasure of a bit of information encoded in a physical system is an irreversible operation bound to dissipate an amount of energy $Q = k_\text{B} T\ln 2$. As a result, work $W \geq Q$ has to be applied to the physical system to restore…

Landauer argued that the process of erasing the information stored in a memory device incurs an energy cost in the form of a minimum amount of mechanical work. We find, however, that this energy cost can be reduced to zero by paying a cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-02 Joan A. Vaccaro , Stephen M. Barnett

We review the physical foundations of Landauer's Principle, which relates the loss of information from a computational process to an increase in thermodynamic entropy. Despite the long history of the Principle, its fundamental rationale and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Michael P. Frank

Landauer's Principle relates entropy decrease and heat dissipation during logically irreversible processes. Most theoretical justifications of Landauer's Principle either use thermodynamic reasoning or rely on specific models based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-14 David Reeb , Michael M. Wolf

We present a pedagogical review of the fundamental concepts in thermodynamics of information, by focusing on the second law of thermodynamics and the entropy production. Especially, we discuss the relationship among thermodynamic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-12-20 Takahiro Sagawa

This article discusses the concept of information and its intimate relationship with physics. After an introduction of all the necessary quantum mechanical and information theoretical concepts we analyze Landauer's principle that states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 M. B. Plenio , V. Vitelli

Traditional form of the second law of thermodynamics is strongly restricted by three conditions: One is the initial joint state of the system and surroundings should be a product state, so that there exists no initial correlations. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-19 Ke-Xia Jiang , Yuan-Mou Li , Heng Fan

According to the Landauer principle, any logically irreversible process accompanies entropy production, which results in heat dissipation in the environment. Erasing of information, one of the primary logically irreversible processes, has a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Pritam Chattopadhyay , Avijit Misra , Tanmoy Pandit , Goutam Paul

Landauer's principle states that information erasure requires heat dissipation. Landauer's original result focused on equilibrium memories. We here investigate the reset of information stored in a nonequilibrium state of a symmetric…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-06-05 Michael Konopik , Alexander Friedenberger , Nikolai Kiesel , Eric Lutz

In thermodynamics one considers thermal systems and the maximization of entropy subject to the conservation of energy. A consequence is Landauer's erasure principle, which states that the erasure of 1 bit of information requires a minimum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-19 Stephen M. Barnett , Joan A. Vaccaro

Landauer's principle sets a fundamental limit on the heat dissipated when one classical bit of information is erased from a memory, thereby establishing a direct link between information theory and thermodynamics. With the advent of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Carlos Octavio A. Ribeiro Neto , Bertúlio de Lima Bernardo

Information erasure at the molecular scale during the depolymerization of copolymers is shown to require a minimum entropy production in accordance with Landauer's principle and as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. This…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-16 David Andrieux , Pierre Gaspard
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