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Related papers: Locality, Independence and the Pro-Liberty Bell

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Bell's theorem is typically understood as the proof that quantum theory is incompatible with local-hidden-variable models. More generally, we can see the violation of a Bell inequality as witnessing the impossibility of explaining quantum…

Non-local correlations are usually understood through the outcomes of alternative measurements (on two or more parts of a system) that cannot altogether actually be carried out in an experiment. Indeed, a joint input/output -- e.g.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-11 Stefan Wolf

(A) Bell's theorem rests on a conjunction of three assumptions: realism, locality and ``free will''. A discussion of these assumptions will be presented. It will be also shown that, if one adds to the assumptions the principle or rotational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Marek Zukowski

This work investigates the implications of relaxing the measurement independence assumption in Bell's theorem by introducing a new class of local deterministic models that account for both particle preparation and measurement settings. Our…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 E. Aldo Arroyo

A 1964 paper by John Bell gave the first demonstration that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden variables. There is an ongoing and vigorous debate on whether he relied on an assumption of determinism, or instead, as he later…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-26 Michael J. W. Hall

Bell's theorem shows that local realistic theories place strong restrictions on observable correlations between different systems, giving rise to Bell's inequality which can be violated in experiments using entangled quantum states. Bell's…

Bell's theorem states that no local realistic explanation of quantum mechanical predictions is possible, in which the experimenter has a freedom to choose between different measurement settings. Within a local realistic picture the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Johannes Kofler , Tomasz Paterek , Caslav Brukner

It is well-known that Bell's Theorem and other No Hidden Variable theorems have a "retrocausal loophole", because they assume that the values of pre-existing hidden variables are independent of future measurement settings. (This is often…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2013-07-31 Huw Price , Ken Wharton

Bell's theorem supposedly demonstrates an irreconcilable conflict between quantum mechanics and local, realistic hidden variable theories. Most proofs of Bell's theorem, are based on inequalities. In this paper we present an alternative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-10 Andrea Aiello

The Bell inequality is thought to be a common constraint shared by all models of local hidden variables that aim to describe the entangled states of two qubits. Since the inequality is violated by the quantum mechanical description of these…

General Physics · Physics 2020-08-05 David H. Oaknin

The demonstration and use of Bell-nonlocality, a concept that is fundamentally striking and is at the core of applications in device independent quantum information processing, relies heavily on the assumption of measurement independence,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-13 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

It has been believed that statistical inequality such as Bell inequality should be modified once measurement independence (MI), the assumption that observers can freely choose measurement settings without changing the probability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-19 Minsu Kim , Jinhyoung Lee , Sang Wook Kim

From gravity to electromagnetism, apparent action at a distance has always been resolved by deeper, local explanations. Yet today, Bell's theorem is widely interpreted as the death knell for local reality. In this chapter, I present the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Charles Alexandre Bédard

Bell theorems show how to experimentally falsify local realism. Conclusive falsification is highly desirable as it would provide support for the most profoundly counterintuitive feature of quantum theory - nonlocality. Despite the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-22 Anne Broadbent , Hilary A. Carteret , Andre Allan Methot , Jonathan Walgate

Bell's inequality was originally derived under the assumption that experimenters are free to select detector settings independently of any local "hidden variables" that might affect the outcomes of measurements on entangled particles. This…

Free choice (or statistical independence) assumption in a hidden variable model (HVM) means that the settings chosen by experimenters do not depend on the values of the hidden variable. The assumption of context-independent (CI) mapping in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-02 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

Bell inequalities rely on an assumption that the probabilities of adopting configurations of hidden variables describing a system prior to measurement are independent of the choice of measured physical property, also known as measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Sophia M. Walls , Ian J. Ford

Relying on some auxiliary assumptions, usually considered mild, Bell's theorem proves that no local theory can reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanics. In this work, we introduce a fully local, superdeterministic model that, by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-04 G. S. Ciepielewski , E. Okon , D. Sudarsky

A locally causal hidden-variable theory of quantum physics need not be constrained by the Bell inequalities if this theory also partially violates the measurement independence condition. However, such violation can appear unphysical,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-26 T. N. Palmer

We prove a version of the Bell's Theorem that does not assume Locality but only the Effect After Cause Principle (EACP) according to which for any Lorentz observer the value of an observable cannot change because of an event that happens…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Charles Tresser