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One way to construct a maximal set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in a prime-power dimensional Hilbert space is by means of finite phase-space methods. MUBs obtained in this way are covariant with respect to some subgroup of the group of…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-05-29 Claudio Carmeli , Jussi Schultz , Alessandro Toigo

Two orthonormal bases B and B' of a d-dimensional complex inner-product space are called mutually unbiased if and only if |<b|b'>|^2=1/d holds for all b in B and b' in B'. The size of any set containing (pairwise) mutually unbiased bases of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Andreas Klappenecker , Martin Roetteler

In this paper, we consider the problem of Mutually Unbiased Bases in prime dimension $d$. It is known to provide exactly $d+1$ mutually unbiased bases. We revisit this problem using a class of circulant $d \times d$ matrices. The…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-10-31 M. Combescure

Mutually unbiased bases (MUBs), which are such that the inner product between two vectors in different orthogonal bases is constant equal to the inverse $1/\sqrt{d}$, with $d$ the dimension of the finite Hilbert space, are becoming more and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Michel Planat , Haret Rosu

It is known that real Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) do not exist for any dimension $d > 2$ which is not divisible by 4. Thus, the next combinatorial question is how one can construct Approximate Real MUBs (ARMUBs) in this direction with…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ajeet Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra , Uddipto Mandal

The structural characterization of high-dimensional mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) by classifying MUBs subsets remains a major open problem. The existing methods not only fail to conclude on the exact classification, but also are severely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Jianxin Song , Zhen-Peng Xu , Changliang Ren

A complete set of mutually unbiased bases in a Hilbert space of dimension $d$ defines a set of $d+1$ orthogonal measurements. Relative to such a set, we define a "MUB-balanced state" to be a pure state for which the list of probabilities of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-22 Ilya Amburg , Roshan Sharma , Daniel Sussman , William K. Wootters

We provide a construction of sets of (d/2+1) mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in dimensions d=4,8 using maximal commuting classes of Pauli operators. We show that these incomplete sets cannot be extended further using the operators of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-05 Prabha Mandayam , Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay , Markus Grassl , William K. Wootters

Mutually unbiased bases (MUB) have many applications in quantum information processing and quantum cryptography. Several complex MUB's in $\mathbb{C}^d$ for some dimension $d$ and with larger size have been constructed. On the other hand,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-14 Minghui Yang , Aixian Zhang , Jiejing Wen , Keqin Feng

Mutually unbiased bases for quantum degrees of freedom are central to all theoretical investigations and practical exploitations of complementary properties. Much is known about mutually unbiased bases, but there are also a fair number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-04 Thomas Durt , Berthold-Georg Englert , Ingemar Bengtsson , Karol Życzkowski

For a system of N qubits, spanning a Hilbert space of dimension d=2^N, it is known that there exists d+1 mutually unbiased bases. Different construction algorithms exist, and it is remarkable that different methods lead to sets of bases…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 J. L. Romero , G. Bjork , A. B. Klimov , L. L. Sanchez-Soto

This is a review of the problem of Mutually Unbiased Bases in finite dimensional Hilbert spaces, real and complex. Also a geometric measure of "mubness" is introduced, and applied to some recent calculations in six dimensions (partly done…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Ingemar Bengtsson

A set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) is said to be unextendible if there does not exist another basis that is unbiased with respect to the given set. Here, we prove the existence of smaller sets of MUBs in prime-squared dimensions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-25 Vishakh Hegde , Prabha Mandayam

We consider the notion of unitary transformations forming bases for subspaces of $M(d,\mathbb{C})$ such that the square of Hilbert-Schmidt inner product of matrices from the differing bases is a constant. Moving from the qubit case,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-24 Jesni Shamsul Shaari , Rinie N. M. Nasir , Stefano Mancini

Construction of a large class of Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) for non-prime power composite dimensions ($d = k\times s$) is a long standing open problem, which leads to different construction methods for the class Approximate MUBs (AMUBs)…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ajeet Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra

We study sets of pure states in a Hilbert space of dimension d which are mutually unbiased (MU), that is, the squares of the moduli of their scalar products are equal to zero, one, or 1/d. These sets will be called a MU constellation, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-21 Stephen Brierley , Stefan Weigert

We offer a piece of evidence that the problems of finding the number of mutually unbiased bases (MUB) and mutually orthogonal Latin squares (MOLS) might not be equivalent. We study a particular procedure which has been shown to relate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-31 T. Paterek , M. Pawlowski , M. Grassl , C. Brukner

Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) are closely connected with quantum physics, and the structure has a rich mathematical background. We provide equivalent criteria for extending a set of MUBs for $C^n$ by studying real points of a certain…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Arindam Banerjee , Kanoy Kumar Das , Ajeet Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra

This is a survey of some very old knowledge about Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUB) and Symmetric Informationally Complete POVMs (SIC). In prime dimensions the former are closely tied to an elliptic normal curve symmetric under the Heisenberg…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Ingemar Bengtsson

We develop a strong connection between maximally commuting bases of orthogonal unitary matrices and mutually unbiased bases. A necessary condition of the existence of mutually unbiased bases for any finite dimension is obtained. Then a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay , P. Oscar Boykin , Vwani Roychowdhury , Farrokh Vatan