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The primary objective of this note is to revisit the two envelope problem and propose a simple resolution. It is argued that the paradox arises from the ambiguity associated with the money content $x of the chosen envelope. When X=x is…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-01-03 Aris Spanos

The Monty Hall puzzle has been solved and dissected in many ways, but always using probabilistic arguments, so it is considered a probability puzzle. In this paper the puzzle is set up as an orthodox statistical problem involving an unknown…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2020-10-07 Yudi Pawitan

One classical theory, as determined by an equation of motion or set of classical trajectories, can correspond to many unitarily {\em in}equivalent quantum theories upon canonical quantization. This arises from a remarkable ambiguity, not…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Ian Redmount , Wai-Mo Suen , Kenneth Young

This article is devoted to the study of which appears as the most famous paradoxes of quantum theory (Schrodinger cat, EPR argument and Aspect experiments, delayed choice experiments and retrocausality problems). Through these experiments,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-26 Daniel Parrochia

Quantum mechanics represents one of the greatest triumphs of human intellect and, undoubtedly, is the most successful physical theory we have to date. However, since its foundation about a century ago, it has been uninterruptedly the center…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-08 Andrea Aiello , J. P. Woerdman

Math is widely considered as a powerful tool and its strong appeal depends on the high level of abstraction it allows in modelling a huge number of heterogeneous phenomena and problems, spanning from the static of buildings to the flight of…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2019-04-25 Tiziana Castellano , Pietro Boccadoro

The procedure of tossing quantum coins and dice is described. This case is an important example of a quantum procedure because it presents a typical framework employed in quantum information processing and quantum computing. The emphasis is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-26 V. I. Yukalov

There are good reasons to believe that we are classical algorithms run on (effectively) classical machines. However, the fact that a physical state of a system in a universe described by a classical deterministic model doesn't contain any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-24 Saibal Mitra

In Newcomb's paradox you choose to receive either the contents of a particular closed box, or the contents of both that closed box and another one. Before you choose though, an antagonist uses a prediction algorithm to deduce your choice,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2010-10-01 David H. Wolpert Gregory Benford

One can often encounter claims that classical (Kolmogorovian) probability theory cannot handle, or even is contradicted by, certain empirical findings or substantive theories. This note joins several previous attempts to explain that these…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-01-24 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Maria Kon

Conditional probabilities in quantum systems which have both initial and final boundary conditions are commonly evaluated using the Aharonov-Bergmann-Lebowitz rule. In this short note we present a seemingly disturbing paradox that appears…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-22 Yakir Aharonov , Eliahu Cohen , David H. Oaknin

Parrondo's paradox is ubiquitous in games, ratchets and random walks.The apparent paradox, devised by J.~M.~R.~Parrondo, that two losing games $A$ and $B$ can produce an winning outcome has been adapted in many physical and biological…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-15 Jishnu Rajendran , Colin Benjamin

The Classical Twin Paradox is widely dealt in literature and neatly resolved. In addition, it is also well known that, when looking at two systems which are boosted relative to each other, the concept of the simultaneous effect of a quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-02-10 Doron ludwin

Unexpectedness is a central concept in Simplicity Theory, a theory of cognition relating various inferential processes to the computation of Kolmogorov complexities, rather than probabilities. Its predictive power has been confirmed by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Giovanni Sileno , Jean-Louis Dessalles

We present a classical and quantum mechanical study of an Andreev billiard with a chaotic normal dot. We demonstrate that in general the classical dynamics of these normal-superconductor hybrid systems is mixed, thereby indicating the…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Kormanyos , Z. Kaufmann , J. Cserti , C. J. Lambert

This article deals with ranking methods. We study the situation where a tournament between $n$ players $P_1$, $P_2$, \ldots $P_n$ gives the ranking $P_1 \succ P_2 \succ \cdots \succ P_n$, but, if the results of $P_n$ are no longer taken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Guillaume Chéze , Etienne Fieux

We study, analytically and numerically, the classical and quantum properties of a nearly spherical 3D billiard. In particular we show the appearence of quantum non ergodic behaviour and of the deviations from Random Matrix Theory…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 Giulio Casati , Tomaz Prosen

An elementary application of Algorithmic Complexity Theory to the polygonal approximations of curved billiards-integrable and chaotic-unveils the equivalence of this problem to the procedure of quantization of classical systems: the scaling…

chao-dyn · Physics 2009-10-31 Giorgio Mantica

Classical-realistic analysis of entangled systems have lead to retrodiction paradoxes, which ordinarily have been dismissed on the grounds of counter-factuality. Instead, we claim that such paradoxes point to a deeper logical structure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Yakir Aharonov , Alonso Botero , Sandu Popescu , Benni Reznik , Jeff Tollaksen

Well known Simpson's paradox is puzzling and surprising for many, especially for the empirical researchers and users of statistics. However there is no surprise as far as mathematical details are concerned. A lot more is written about the…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2018-04-24 Priyantha Wijayatunga