Related papers: Genetic Code as a Harmonic System
The universal genetic code presents a fundamental paradox in molecular biology. Recent advances in synthetic biology have demonstrated that the code is remarkably flexible--organisms can survive with 61 codons instead of 64, natural…
The origin of life is one of the greatest mysteries. The mechanism for the synthesis of DNA is synonymous with the chemical origin of life, and theories have been developed along many lines of reasoning, but resolving all requirements…
Living organisms are not just random collections of organic molecules. There is continuous information processing going on in the apparent bouncing around of molecules of life. Optimisation criteria in this information processing can be…
How robust is the natural genetic code with respect to mistranslation errors? It has long been known that the genetic code is very efficient in limiting the effect of point mutation. A misread codon will commonly code either for the same…
Why is the genetic code the way it is? The most successful theory states that the codon assignments minimise the effects of errors arising in primordial living systems. Here a transversion is reported that leaves invariant degeneracy in the…
The genetic code refers to a rule that maps 64 codons to 20 amino acids. Nearly all organisms, with few exceptions, share the same genetic code, the standard genetic code (SGC). While it remains unclear why this universal code has arisen…
Much information is stored in amino acid composition of protein and base composition of DNA. We simulated the evolution of amino acid frequencies and genomic GC content by a linguistic model. It is showed that the evolution of genetic code…
The standard genetic code multiplet structure as well as the correct degeneracies, class by class, are all extracted from the (unique) number 23, the order of the permutation group of 23 objects.
The rules that specify how the information contained in DNA codes amino acids, is called "the genetic code". Using a simplified version of the Penna nodel, we are using computer simulations to investigate the importance of the genetic code…
Evolution of genetic code is studied as the change in the choice of enzymes that are used to synthesize amino acids from the genetic information of nucleic acids. We propose the following theory: the differentiation of physiological states…
The post-genomic era has brought opportunities to bridge traditionally separate fields of early history of life and brought new insight into origin and evolution of biodiversity. According to distributions of codons in genome sequences, I…
In this short paper, it is shown that the multiplet structure of the standard genetic code is derivable from the total number of nucleotides contained in 64 codons, 192, a small number. The degeneracy class-number is derived as the number…
Complex systems with tightly coadapted parts frequently appear in living systems and are difficult to account for through Darwinian evolution, that is random variation and natural selection, if the constituent parts are independently coded…
The importance of the notion of symmetry in physics is well established: could it also be the case for the genetic code? In this spirit, a model for the Genetic Code based on continuous symmetries and entitled the "Crystal Basis Model" has…
Each human genome is a 3 billion base pair set of encoding instructions. Decoding the genome using deep learning fundamentally differs from most tasks, as we do not know the full structure of the data and therefore cannot design…
The primary structure of a ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecule can be represented as a sequence of nucleotides (bases) over the alphabet {A, C, G, U}. The secondary or tertiary structure of an RNA is a set of base pairs which form bonds between…
A new set of DNA base-nucleic acid codes and their hypercomplex number representation have been introduced for taking the probability of each nucleotide into full account. A new scoring system has been proposed to suit the hypercomplex…
This work aims at showing the relevance and the applications possibilities of the Fibonacci sequence, and also its q-deformed or quantum extension, in the study of the genetic code(s). First, after the presentation of a new formula, an…
In this paper it is shown that within a Combined Genetic Code Table, realized through a combination of Watson-Crick Table and Codon Path Cube it exists, without an exception, a strict distinction between two classes of enzymes…
This article introduces a novel binary representation of the canonical genetic code based on both the structural similarities of the nucleotides, as well as the physicochemical properties of the encoded amino acids. Each of the four mRNA…