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Finding general principles underlying brain function has been appealing to scientists. Indeed, in some branches of science like physics and chemistry (and to some degree biology) a general theory often can capture the essence of a wide…
Optical metamaterials have the potential to control the flow of light at will which may lead to spectacular applications as the perfect lens or the cloaking device. Both of these optical elements require invariant effective material…
A slab of negatively refracting material, thickness d, can focus an image at a distance 2d from the object. The negative slab cancels an equal thickness of positive space. This result is a special case of a much wider class of focussing:…
The inversion of a diffraction pattern offers aberration-free diffraction-limited 3D images without the resolution and depth-of-field limitations of lens-based tomographic systems, the only limitation being radiation damage. We review our…
Machine vision, including object recognition and image reconstruction, is a central technology in many consumer devices and scientific instruments. The design of machine-vision systems has been revolutionized by the adoption of end-to-end…
Fluorescence is a powerful mean to probe information processing in the mammalian brain. However, neuronal tissues are highly heterogeneous and thus opaque to light. A wide set of non-invasive or invasive techniques for scattered light…
It was recently proposed to use the human visual system's ability to perform efficient photon counting in order to devise a new biometric methodology. The relevant biometric fingerprint is represented by the optical losses light suffers…
Datasets (semi-)automatically collected from the web can easily scale to millions of entries, but a dataset's usefulness is directly related to how clean and high-quality its examples are. In this paper, we describe and publicly release an…
Artificial Neural Networks are computational network models inspired by signal processing in the brain. These models have dramatically improved the performance of many learning tasks, including speech and object recognition. However,…
Although deep learning has solved difficult problems in visual pattern recognition, it is mostly successful in tasks where there are lots of labeled training data available. Furthermore, the global back-propagation based training rule and…
We propose that symbols are first and foremost external communication tools used between intelligent agents that allow knowledge to be transferred in a more efficient and effective manner than having to experience the world directly. But,…
Fluorescence microscopy is an important and extensively utilised tool for imaging biological systems. However, the image resolution that can be obtained has a limit as defined through the laws of diffraction. Demand for improved resolution…
Humans can quickly learn new visual concepts, perhaps because they can easily visualize or imagine what novel objects look like from different views. Incorporating this ability to hallucinate novel instances of new concepts might help…
Visual illusions in humans arise when interpreting out-of-distribution stimuli: if the observer is adapted to certain statistics, perception of outliers deviates from reality. Recent studies have shown that artificial neural networks (ANNs)…
Optical imaging relies on the ability to illuminate an object, collect and analyze the light it scatters or transmits. Propagation through complex media such as biological tissues was so far believed to degrade the attainable depth as well…
There are two major questions that neuroimaging studies attempt to answer: First, how are sensory stimuli represented in the brain (which we term the stimulus-based setting)? And, second, how does the brain generate cognition (termed the…
The reflective nature of the human eye is an underappreciated source of information about what the world around us looks like. By imaging the eyes of a moving person, we can collect multiple views of a scene outside the camera's direct line…
Compact photonic elements that control both the diffraction and interference of light offer superior performance at ultra-compact dimensions. Unlike conventional optical structures, these diffractive optical elements can provide…
Optical lenses are pervasive in various areas of sciences and technologies. It is well-known that the resolving power of a lens and thus optical systems is limited by the diffraction of light. Recently, various plasmonics and metamaterials…
We consider a basic model of digital memory where each cell is composed of a reflecting medium with two possible reflectivities. By fixing the mean number of photons irradiated over each memory cell, we show that a non-classical source of…