Related papers: The Four Space-times Model of Reality

We show that a topology can be defined in the four dimensional space-time of special relativity so as to obtain a topological semigroup for time. The Minkowski 4-vector character of space-time elements as well as the key properties of…

A careful look at an allegedly well-known century-old concept reveals interesting aspects in it that have generally avoided recognition in literature. There are four different kinds of physical observables known or proclaimed as…

Higher-dimensional theories with time-like and space-like extra dimensions are compared both from the conceptual and from the phenomenological points of view. In this context causality and unitarity are discussed. It is shown that…

We present a mathematical model for a physical theory that is compatible with Einstein's Special Relativity Theory. Our model consists of three pseudo-complex dimensions, representing three real dimensions of space, dual to what could be…

If time has three dimensions, how does a particle move? This paper demonstrates that quantum physics naturally emerges from a framework of three-dimensional time. We present the equations governing the motion of 0-spin, 1-spin, and 1/2-spin…

We consider cosmological models in which a homogeneous isotropic universe is embedded as a 3+1 dimensional surface into a 4+1 dimensional manifold. The size of the extra dimension depends on time. It is small compared to the size of the…

Empirical understanding teaches us that space is three dimensional while relativity merges space with time. We tried to show that it is possible to model space as three complex coordinates. In our construction, the usual spatial coordinate…

Ten-dimensional models, arising from a gravitational action which includes terms up to the fourth order in curvature tensor, are discussed. The spacetime consists of one timelike dimension and two maximally symmetric subspaces, filled with…

We present a deductive theory of space-time which is realistic, objective, and relational. It is realistic because it assumes the existence of physical things endowed with concrete properties. It is objective because it can be formulated…

Rather than an a priori arena in which events take place, space-time is a construction of our mind making possible a particular kind of ordering of events. As quantum entanglement is a property of states independent of classical distances,…

A particular science is not only defined by its object of study, but also by the point of view and method under which it considers that same object. Taking space and time as an illustrative example, our main aim here is to bring out an…

We discuss a Lorentz covariant space-time uncertainty relation, which agrees with that of Karolyhazy-Ng-van Dam when an observational time period delta t is larger than the Planck time lp. At delta t < lp, this uncertainty relation takes…

The formulation of General Relativity in which the 4-dimensional space-time is embedded in a flat host space of higher dimension is reconsidered. New classes of embeddings (modeled after Nash's classical free embeddings) are introduced.…

The paper proposes a 4-dimensional generalization of the Hamilton equations of motion to the case of the Minkowski space-time. The approach can be applied to quantum as well as to classical, non-relativistic as well as relativistic…

In this article, the evolution of the ideas about the fourth spatial dimension is presented, starting from those which come out within classical Euclidean geometry and going through those arose in the framework of non-Euclidean geometries,…

In five dimensional cosmological models, the convention is to include the fifth dimension in a way similar to the other space dimensions. In this work we attempt to introduce the fifth dimension in a way that a time dimension would be…

Astrophysical observations provide a picture of the universe as a 4-dim homogeneous and isotropic flat space-time dominated by an unknown form of dark energy. To achieve such a cosmology one has to consider in the early universe an…

4-dimensional optics is based on the use 4-dimensional movement space, resulting from the consideration of the usual 3-dimensional coordinates complemented by proper time. The paper uses the established K-calculus to make a parallel…

The paper discusses some aspects of real physical space and time: structure of electrodynamics; structure of gravitational-inert theory in the real world; formation of the real matter; Mach's principle and the radiational cosmic mass;…

We discuss the question of whether the existence of singularities is an intrinsic property of 4D spacetime. Our hypothesis is that singularities in 4D are induced by the separation of spacetime from the other dimensions. We examine this…