Related papers: Symmetry Scheme for Amino Acid Codons
The class of meteorites called carbonaceous chondrites are examples of material from the solar system which have been relatively unchanged from the time of their initial formation. These meteorites have been classified according to the…
New analyses of the organization of the genetic code system together with their relation to the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are reported in this work. A closer inspection revealed how the enzymes and the 20 amino acids of the…
Coding information is the main source of heterogeneity (non-randomness) in the sequences of bacterial genomes. This information can be naturally modeled by analysing cluster structures in the "in-phase" triplet distributions of relatively…
How proteins fold remains a central unsolved problem in biology. While the idea of a folding code embedded in the amino acid sequence was introduced more than 6 decades ago, this code remains undefined. While we now have powerful predictive…
The genetic code is nearly universal, and the arrangement of the codons in the standard codon table is highly non-random. The three main concepts on origin and evolution of the code are the stereochemical theory; the coevolution theory; and…
Background:Prediction of protein three-dimensional structures from amino acid sequences is a long-standing goal in computational/molecular biology. The successful discrimination of protein folds would help to improve the accuracy of protein…
The number of atoms in the four ribonucleotides uridine monophosphate, cytidine monophosphate, adenine monophosphate and guanine monophosphate is taken as a key parameter. A mathematical relation describing the condensation of the three…
The universal genetic code presents a fundamental paradox in molecular biology. Recent advances in synthetic biology have demonstrated that the code is remarkably flexible--organisms can survive with 61 codons instead of 64, natural…
Thirty-seven cadmium isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.
The usage frequencies for codons belonging to quartets are analized, over the whole exonic region, for 92 biological species. Correlation is put into evidence, between the usage frequencies of synonymous codons with third nucleotide A and C…
Background: There is a 3-fold redundancy in the Genetic Code; most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used equally; there is a Codon Usage Bias (CUB). This article will provide novel information…
The tendencies described in this work were revealed in the course of examination of adenine and uracil distribution in the mRNA encoding sequence. The study also discusses the usage of codons occupied by the amino acid arginine in the table…
Despite the variety of protein sizes, shapes, and backbone configurations found in nature, the design of novel protein folds remains an open problem. Within simple lattice models it has been shown that all structures are not equally…
In a certain way, this paper presents the continuation of the previous one which discussed the harmonic structure of the genetic code (Rakocevic, 2004). Several new harmonic structures presented in this paper, through specific unity and…
Some natural proteins display recurrent structural patterns. Despite being highly similar at the tertiary structure level, repetitions within a single repeat protein can be extremely variable at the sequence level. We propose a mathematical…
A method is described where the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase system is used to create very small devices for quantitative analysis of the amino acids that occur in proteins. The basis of the method is that each of the 20 synthetases and/or a…
Recently, the bond lengths of the molecular components of nucleic acids and of caffeine and related molecules were shown to be sums of the appropriate covalent radii of the adjacent atoms. Thus, each atom was shown to have its specific…
It is presented that the positions of amino acids within Genetic Code Table follow from strict their physical and chemical properties as well as from a pure formal determination by the Golden mean.
A pattern Recognition of a probability distribution of amino acids is obtained for selected families of proteins. The mathematical model is derived from a theory of protein families formation which is derived from application of a Pauli's…
A codon table is a useful tool for mapping codons to amino acids as they have been assigned by nature. It has become a scientific icon because of the way it embodies our understanding of this natural process and the way it immediately…