Related papers: Four-dimensional Matter
In collider-based particle physics, $invariant\ mass$ refers to the magnitude of the total-momentum 4-vector of a system of particles. An expression for the invariant mass of a 2-particle system is well known; it assumes that both the total…
It is proposed that space is a four-dimensional Euclidean space with universal time. Originally this space was filled with a uniform substance, pictured as a liquid, which at some time became supercooled. Our universe began as a nucleation…
Using octonions, more specifically, using a 4 x 4 matrix representation of octonions obtained with the help of algebraic properties of quaternions, we obtain the fully symmetric Maxwell's equations (Maxwell's equations with electric and…
The paper discusses some scalar invariants in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field by means of the characteristics of the quaternions. When we emphasize some definitions of quaternion physical quantities, the speed of light,…
The Standard Model (SM) ascribes the observed mass of elementary particles to an effective interaction between basis states defined without mass terms and a scalar potential associated with the Higgs boson. In the relativistic field theory…
Newton introduced the concept of mass in his {\it Principia} and gave an intuitive explanation for what it meant. Centuries have passed and physicists as well as philosophers still argue over its meaning. Three types of mass are generally…
A gauge invariant formulation for the massive axion is considered. The axion acquires mass through a topological term which couples a (pseudo)scalar and a third rank antisymmetric tensor. Duality, local and canonical equivalences with the…
The u-invariant of a field is the supremum of the dimensions of anisotropic quadratic forms over the field. We define corresponding u-invariants for hermitian and generalised quadratic forms over a division algebra with involution in…
In this paper, we use four-dimensional quaternionic algebra to describing space-time field equations in curvature form. The transformation relations of a quaternionic variable are established with the help of basis transformations of…
In this paper, we discuss the Maxwell equations in terms of differential forms, both in the 3-dimensional space and in the 4-dimensional space-time manifold. Further, we view the classical electrodynamics as the curvature of a line bundle,…
New electrodynamics with quaternionic mass is found to yields interesting results. The quaternionic mass involves longitudinal as well as transverse (vector) masses. Because of these two masses, an application of a magnetic field in a…
The paper deals with the concepts of mass and gravity in the formalism of 4-dimensional optics, previously introduced by the author. It is shown that elementary particles can be associated with 4-dimensional standing wave patterns with the…
The expression of a time-dependent cosmological constant $\lambda \propto 1/t^2$ is interpreted as the energy density of a special type of the quaternionic field. The Lorenz-like force acting on the moving body in the presence of this…
A monistic framework is set up where energy is the only fundamental substance. Different states of energy are ordered by a set of scalar qunatum-phase-fields. The dual elements of matter, mass and space, are described as volume- and…
The dimensional structure of space-time is investigated according to physical and mathematical methods. We show that ther are various empirical and theoretical restrictions on the number of independent dimensions of space-time, consequently…
The classical view of mass is that it quantifies the amount of substance and is a kinematical parameter. All matter has an attribute of mass and is a conserved quantity in any interaction. With the advent of special relativity, mass became…
A four-vector field in flat space-time, satisfying a gauge-invariant set of second-order differential equations, is considered as a unified field. The model variational principle corresponds to the general covariance idea and gives rise to…
For a finite partially ordered set we calculate the dimension of the variety of its subspace representations having fixed dimension vector. The dimension is given in terms of the Euler quadratic form associated with a partially ordered set,…
It is shown that in curved spacetime none of the known definitions of four-momentum correspond to the definition, in which all the system particles and fields, including fields outside matter, make an explicit contribution to the…
We consider an inverse variational problem for the lines of constant curvature in (pseudo-)Euclidean two-, three-, and four-dimensional spaces. The accumulated results are physically meaningful in the case of relativistic mechanics of…