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We study ternary sequences associated with a multidimensional continued fraction algorithm introduced by the first author. The algorithm is defined by two matrices and we show that it is measurably isomorphic to the shift on the set…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-11-30 Julien Cassaigne , Sébastien Labbé , Julien Leroy

Let $w$ be an infinite word on an alphabet $A$. We denote by $(n_i)_{i \geq 1}$ the increasing sequence (assumed to be infinite) of all lengths of palindrome prefixes of $w$. In this text, we give an explicit construction of all words $w$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-02-13 Stéphane Fischler

For a finite alphabet $\mathcal{A}$ and a sequence $x \in \mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{N}}$, Kamae and Zamboni defined the maximal pattern complexity function $p^*_x(n)$ as a natural generalization of usual word complexity. They defined a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-08-20 Anh N. Le , Ronnie Pavlov , Casey Schlortt

A celebrated theorem by Coven and Hedlund (1973) states that Sturmian words are characterized by their abelian complexity: they are precisely the infinite words with rationally independent letter frequencies and constant abelian complexity…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Mélodie Andrieu , Léo Vivion

A set of words, also called a language, is letter-balanced if the number of occurrences of each letter only depends on the length of the word, up to a constant. Similarly, a language is factor-balanced if the difference of the number of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Léo Poirier , Wolfgang Steiner

In this paper, we study combinatorial and structural properties of a new class of finite and infinite words that are 'rich' in palindromes in the utmost sense. A characteristic property of so-called "rich words" is that all complete returns…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-03-16 Amy Glen , Jacques Justin , Steve Widmer , Luca Q. Zamboni

A binary word is Sturmian if the occurrences of each letter are balanced, in the sense that in any two factors of the same length, the difference between the number of occurrences of the same letter is at most 1. In digital geometry,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Alessandro De Luca , Gabriele Fici

The repetition threshold of a class $C$ of infinite $d$-ary sequences is the smallest real number $r$ such that in the class $C$ there exists a sequence that avoids $e$-powers for all $e> r$. This notion was introduced by Dejean in 1972 for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-06 Lubomíra Dvořáková , Edita Pelantová

This paper describes the probabilistic behaviour of a random Sturmian word. It performs the probabilistic analysis of the recurrence function which can be viewed as a waiting time to discover all the factors of length $n$ of the Sturmian…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-10-06 Pablo Rotondo , Brigitte Vallee

In this short note we show that a k-automatic sequence and a Sturmian sequence cannot have arbitrarily large factors in common.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-02-02 Narad Rampersad , Jeffrey Shallit

In the study of infinite words, various notions of balancedness provide quantitative measures for how regularly letters or factors occur, and they find applications in several areas of mathematics and theoretical computer science. In this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-04 Bastiàn Espinoza , Pierre Popoli , Manon Stipulanti

Trapezoidal words are words having at most $n+1$ distinct factors of length $n$ for every $n\ge 0$. They therefore encompass finite Sturmian words. We give combinatorial characterizations of trapezoidal words and exhibit a formula for their…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-01-22 Michelangelo Bucci , Alessandro De Luca , Gabriele Fici

We give a new characterization of biinfinite Sturmian sequences in terms of indistinguishable asymptotic pairs. Two asymptotic sequences on a full $\mathbb{Z}$-shift are indistinguishable if the sets of occurrences of every pattern in each…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-18 Sebastián Barbieri , Sébastien Labbé , Štěpán Starosta

We study the abelian period sets of Sturmian words, which are codings of irrational rotations on a one-dimensional torus. The main result states that the minimum abelian period of a factor of a Sturmian word of angle $\alpha$ with continued…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-27 Jarkko Peltomäki

A de Bruijn sequence of order $k$ over a finite alphabet is a cyclic sequence with the property that it contains every possible $k$-sequence as a substring exactly once. Orthogonal de Bruijn sequences are collections of de Bruijn sequences…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuan-Pon Chen , Jin Sima , Olgica Milenkovic

Stanley and Odlyzko proposed a method for greedily constructing sets with no 3-term arithmetic progressions. It is conjectured that there is a dichotomy between such sequences: those that have a periodic structure as the sequence satisfies…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-07 Mehtaab Sawhney

In this paper, we describe string attractors of all factors of episturmian sequences and show that their size is equal to the number of distinct letters contained in the factor.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-14 Lubomíra Dvořáková

In this paper we find an identity that gives a representation for the logarithm of any two irrational numbers $a, b >1$ in terms of a series whose terms are ratios of elements from the Beatty Sequences generated by these two numbers. We…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-31 Geremías Polanco E

We prove that if a uniformly recurrent infinite word contains as a factor any finite permutation of words from an infinite family, then either this word is periodic, or its complexity (that is, the number of factors) grows faster than…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-10-29 Anna E. Frid

Generalised polynomials are maps constructed by applying the floor function, addition, and multiplication to polynomials. Despite superficial similarity, generalised polynomials exhibit many phenomena which are impossible for polynomials.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-23 Boris Adamczewski , Jakub Konieczny