Related papers: Neutrosophic Rings
We gather some classical results and examples that show strict inclusion between the families of unital rings, rings with enough idempotents, rings with sets of local units, locally unital rings, s-unital rings and idempotent rings.
In this paper, we introduce for the first time the notions of neutrosophic measure and neutrosophic integral, and we develop the 1995 notion of neutrosophic probability. We present many practical examples. It is possible to define the…
The notion of clean rings and 2-good rings have many variations, and have been widely studied. We provide a few results about two new variations of these concepts and discuss the theory that ties these variations to objects and properties…
This is a review for Reports of Progress in Physics. After an introduction we start by explaining the different neutrino masses corresponding to different types of neutrinos, Dirac or Majorana, in section 2. In section 3 we discuss the main…
We describe simply connected compact exceptional simple Lie groups in very elementary way. We first construct all simply connected compact exceptional Lie groups G concretely. Next, we find all involutive automorphisms of G, and determine…
This book provides a self-contained introduction to geometric group theory. The topics range from an introduction of Cayley and Schreier graphs to Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth and amenability. We discuss the ping-pong…
The program of understanding Shape Theory layer by layer topologically and geometrically -- proposed in Part I -- is now addressed for 4 points in 1-$d$. Topological shape space graphs are far more complex here, whereas metric shape spaces…
We study the chiral rings in N=2 and N=4 superconformal algebras. The chiral primary states of N=2 superconformal algebras realized over hermitian triple systems are given. Their coset spaces G/H are hermitian symmetric which can be compact…
In the first Lecture, the Big Bang and the Standard Model of particle physics are introduced, as well as the structure of the latter and open issues beyond it. Neutrino physics is discussed in the second Lecture, with emphasis on models for…
In this article we overview those aspects of the theory of affine semigroups and their algebras that have been relevant for our own research, and pose several open problems. Answers to these problems would contribute substantially to the…
This book is an account of certain topics in general and algebraic topology. Instead of laying out a synopsis of each chapter, here is a sample of some of what is taken up: 1) Nilpotency and its role in homotopy theory. 2) Bousfield's…
It is well known that for a non pseudocompact space X, the family (X) of all intermediate subrings of C(X) which contain bounded real valued continuous functions contains at least 2c many distinct rings. We show that if in addition X is…
The spatial symmetry of matter - including finite objects like molecules or atomic clusters, and extended objects like periodic or aperiodic crystals - is described using point groups and space groups. Magnetic point groups and space groups…
This work presents the current collection of mathematical models related to neural networks and proposes a new family of such with extended structure and dynamics in order to attain a selection of cognitive capabilities. It starts by…
This paper is a survey, with few proofs, of ideas and notions related to self-similarity of groups, semi-groups and their actions. It attempts to relate these concepts to more familiar ones, such as fractals, self-similar sets, and…
A book, concerning the classical restricted three body problem, and the approach to this old conundrum coming from the modern methods of symplectic and contact geometry. It is split into Part I (theoretical aspects), and Part II (practical…
We compute the integral cohomology rings of a family of 3-groups. As a corollary, we exhibit, for each n greater than or equal to 5, a pair of groups of order 3^n whose integral cohomology rings are isomorphic.
Network (as a general notion) is not a mathematical object - there is no even any definition. However, there is a lot of good rigorous mathematics for well-defined classes of networks. In sections 1-3 we give a short overview of classes of…
This is a chapter for a planned collective volume entitled "New spaces in mathematics and physics" (M. Anel, G. Catren Eds.). The first part contains a short formal exposition of supergeometry as it is understood by mathematicians. The…
In this paper, we prove that the numerical-semigroup-gap counting problem is #NP-complete as a main theorem. A numerical semigroup is an additive semigroup over the set of all nonnegative integers. A gap of a numerical semigroup is defined…