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The aim of these lectures is to give a short introduction to forcing. We will avoid metamathematical issues as much as possible and similarly we will avoid performing the actual construction of forcing. We assume familiarity with basic…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-03-30 Mohammad Golshani

Our original aim was, in Abelian group theory to prove the consistency of: lambda is strong limit singular and for some properties of abelian groups which are relatives of being free, the compactness in singular fails. In fact this should…

Logic · Mathematics 2013-06-25 Saharon Shelah

We show that the Proper Forcing Axiom for forcing notions of size $\aleph_1$ is consistent with the continuum being arbitrarily large. In fact, assuming $GCH$ holds and $\kappa\geq\omega_2$ is a regular cardinal, we prove that there is a…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-08-26 David Asperó , Mohammad Golshani

In the Zermelo--Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Choice a forcing notion is "$\kappa$-distributive" if and only if it is "$\kappa$-sequential". We show that without the Axiom of Choice this equivalence fails, even if we include a weak…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-12-22 Asaf Karagila , Jonathan Schilhan

We bring forward a logical system of transition algebras that enhances many-sorted first-order logic using features from dynamic logics. The sentences we consider include compositions, unions, and transitive closures of transition…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Hashimoto Go , Daniel Găină , Ionuţ Ţuţu

I prove preservation theorems for countable support iteration of proper forcing concerning certain classes of capacities and submeasures. New examples of forcing notions and connections with measure theory are included.

Logic · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Jindrich Zapletal

We develop the theory of the forcing with trees and creatures for an inaccessible lambda continuing Ros{\l}anowski and Shelah math.LO/9807172, math.LO/9909115. To make a real use of these forcing notions (that is to iterate them without…

Logic · Mathematics 2013-01-03 Andrzej Rosłanowski , Saharon Shelah

We lay the ground for an Isabelle/ZF formalization of Cohen's technique of forcing. We formalize the definition of forcing notions as preorders with top, dense subsets, and generic filters. We formalize the definition of forcing notions as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Emmanuel Gunther , Miguel Pagano , Pedro Sánchez Terraf

I investigate the relationships between three hierarchies of reflection principles for a forcing class $\Gamma$: the hierarchy of bounded forcing axioms, of $\Sigma^1_1$-absoluteness and of Aronszajn tree preservation principles. The latter…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Gunter Fuchs

We develop a new method for building forcing iterations with symmetric systems of structures as side conditions. Using our method we prove that the forcing axiom for the class of all the small finitely proper posets is compatible with a…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-01-26 David Asperó , Miguel Angel Mota

The technique of "classical realizability" is an extension of the method of "forcing"; it permits to extend the Curry-Howard correspondence between proofs and programs, to Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory and to build new models of ZF, called…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-03-20 Jean-Louis Krivine

Assume $\kappa = \kappa^{< \kappa}$ (usually $\aleph_0$ or an inaccessible). We shall deal with iterated forcings preserving ${}^{\kappa>}{\rm Ord}$ and not collapsing cardinals along a linear order $L$. A sufficient condition for this,…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-03-19 Saharon Shelah

We develop a general theory for class-sized symmetric systems as a natural extension of symmetric systems with respect to class forcing. In particular, adapting the usual notions of pretameness and tameness for class forcing, we present…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-04-01 Peter Holy , Emma Palmer , Jonathan Schilhan

We describe a formalization of forcing using Boolean-valued models in the Lean 3 theorem prover, including the fundamental theorem of forcing and a deep embedding of first-order logic with a Boolean-valued soundness theorem. As an…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-04-25 Jesse Michael Han , Floris van Doorn

We study the influence of strong forcing axioms on the complexity of the non-stationary ideal on $\omega_2$ and its restrictions to certain cofinalities. Our main result shows that the strengthening $MM^{++}$ of Martin's Maximum does not…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-06-06 Sean Cox , Philipp Lücke

Let mu be singular of uncountable cofinality. If mu>2^{cf(mu)}, we prove that in P=([mu]^mu,supseteq) as a forcing notion we have a natural complete embedding of Levy(aleph_0, mu^+) (so P collapses mu^+ to aleph_0) and even Levy(aleph_0,…

Logic · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Saharon Shelah

We show that if $cf(2^{\aleph_0})=\aleph_1,$ then any non-trivial $\aleph_1$-closed forcing notion of size $\leq 2^{\aleph_0}$ is forcing equivalent to $Add(\aleph_1, 1),$ the Cohen forcing for adding a new Cohen subset of $\omega_1.$ We…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-03-11 Mohammad Golshani , Saharon Shelah

We prove the following theorem: For a partially ordered set Q such that every countable subset has a strict upper bound, there is a forcing notion satisfying ccc such that, in the forcing model, there is a basis of the null ideal of the…

Logic · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Maxim R. Burke , Masaru Kada

The proof of the relative consistency of the axiom of choice has been mechanized using Isabelle/ZF. The proof builds upon a previous mechanization of the reflection theorem. The heavy reliance on metatheory in the original proof makes the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Lawrence C. Paulson

We study a family of variants of Jensen's\emph{subcomplete forcing axiom}, $\mathsf{SCFA}$ and \emph{subproper forcing axiom}, $\mathsf{SubPFA}$. Using these we develop a general technique for proving non-implications of $\mathsf{SCFA}$,…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-08-06 Hiroshi Sakai , Corey Bacal Switzer