Related papers: The 3x+1 Semigroup

Erd\H{o}s showed that every set of $n$ positive integers contains a subset of size at least $n/(k+1)$ containing no solutions to $x_1 + \cdots + x_k = y$. We prove that the constant $1/(k+1)$ here is best possible by showing that if $(F_m)$…

Erd\"os conjectured the existence of an infinite Sidon sequence of positive integers which is also an asymptotic basis of order 3. We make progress towards this conjecture in several directions. First we prove the conjecture for all cyclic…

The \textit{Collatz's conjecture} is an unsolved problem in mathematics. It is named after Lothar Collatz in 1973. The conjecture also known as Syrucuse conjecture or problem. Take any positive integer $ n $. If $ n $ is even then divide it…

Every countable group that does not contain a finitely generated subgroup of exponential growth imbeds in a finitely generated group of subexponential growth. This produces in particular the first examples of groups of subexponential growth…

The 3x+1 function T is defined on the positive integers by $T(x) = \frac{3x+1}{2}$ for x odd and $T(x) = \frac{x}{2}$ for x even. The function T has a natural extension to the 2-adic integers, and there is a continuous function $\Phi$ which…

For $h \geq 1$, a $B_h$-set is a set of integers such that every integer $n$ has at most one representation in the form $n = a_{i_1} + \cdots + a_{i_h}$, where $a_{i_j} \in A$ for all $j = 1,\ldots, h$ and $a_{i_1} \leq \ldots \leq…

A set of $m$ positive integers $\{x_{1},\ldots,x_{m}\}$ is called a $P^{3}_{1}$-set of size $m$ if the product of any three elements in the set increased by one is a cube integer. A $P^{3}_{1}$-set $S$ is said to be extendible if there…

For every $k\in \mathbb{N}$, we produce a set of integers which is $k$-recurrent but not $(k+1)$-recurrent. This extends a result of Furstenberg who produced a 1-recurrent set which is not 2-recurrent. We discuss a similar result for…

By an $abc$ triple, we mean a triple $(a,b,c)$ of relatively prime positive integers $a,b,$ and $c$ such that $a+b=c$ and $\operatorname{rad}(abc)<c$, where $\operatorname{rad}(n)$ denotes the product of the distinct prime factors of $n$.…

This paper examines with elementary proofs some interesting properties of numbers in the binary quadratic form $a^2+ab+b^2$, where $a$ and $b$ are non-negative integers. Key findings of this paper are (i) a prime number $p$ can be…

Let A be a finite set of integers. We prove that if |A| is at least 2 and |A+A| is 3|A|-3, then one of the following is true: 1. A is a bi-arithmetic progression; 2. A+A contains an arithmetic progression of length 2|A|-1; 3. |A| is 6 and A…

Let $n_g$ be the number of numerical semigroups of genus $g$. We present an approach to compute $n_g$ by using even gaps, and the question: Is it true that $n_{g+1}>n_g$? is investigated. Let $N_\gamma(g)$ be the number of numerical…

Let $n$ be a positive integer and $\mathcal M$ a set of rational $n \times n$-matrices such that $\mathcal M$ generates a finite multiplicative semigroup. We show that any matrix in the semigroup is a product of matrices in $\mathcal M$…

Two constructed prime number subsets (called prime brother & sisters and prime cousins) lead to a third one (called isolated primes) so that all three disjoint subsets together generate the prime number set. It should be suggested how the…

The main purpose of this paper is to prove that the positive real numbers can be decomposed into finitely many disjoint pieces which are also closed under addition and multiplication. As a byproduct of the argument we determine all the…

The celebrated $3x+1$ problem is reformulated via the use of an analytic expression of the trailing zeros sequence resulting in a single branch formula $f(x)+1$ with a unique fixed point. The resultant formula $f(x)$ is also found to…

We prove the following theorem: for all positive integers $b$ there exists a positive integer $k$, such that for every finite set $A$ of integers with cardinality $|A| > 1$, we have either $$ |A + ... + A| \geq |A|^b$$ or $$ |A \cdot ...…

We prove that for any positive integer c there are at least N(c), $1\leq N(c) < \phi(c)/2$ representations of c as a sum of two positive integers a, b, with no common divisor, such that the N(c) radicals R(abc) are all greater than kc,…

We prove that the reciprocal sum $S_k(x)$ of the least common multiple of $k\geq 3$ positive integers in $\N\cap [1,x]$ satisfies $$ S_k(x)=P_{2^k-1}(\log x)+O(x^{-\theta_k+\epsilon}) $$ where $P$ is a polynomial of degree $2^k-1$ and…

In this paper we introduce the notion of $n$-permutation numerical semigroup. While there are just three $2$-permutation numerical semigroups, there are infinitely many $n$-permutation numerical semigroups if $n > 2$. We construct $16$…