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Zeckendorf proved that every natural number $n$ can be expressed uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers, called its Zeckendorf decomposition. Baird-Smith, Epstein, Flint, and Miller created the Zeckendorf game, a two-player…

The Fibonacci polynomials are defined recursively as $f_{n}(x)=xf_{n-1}(x)+f_{n-2}(x)$, where $f_0(x) = 0$ and $f_1(x)= 1$. We generalize these polynomials to an arbitrary number of variables with the $r$-Fibonacci polynomial. We extend…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-18 Sejin Park , Etienne Phillips , Peikai Qi , Ilir Ziba , Zhan Zhan

Zeckendorf proved that any positive integer has a unique decomposition as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers, indexed by $F_1 = 1, F_2 = 2, F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$. Motivated by this result, Baird, Epstein, Flint, and Miller…

A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}_{n=1}^{\infty}$. Lekkerkerker proved that the average number of summands for integers in $[F_n,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-10-27 Steven J. Miller , Yinghui Wang

In a base phi representation a natural number is written as a sum of powers of the golden mean $\varphi$. There are many ways to do this. How many? Even if the number of powers of $\varphi$ is finite, then any number has infinitely many…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Michel Dekking , Ad van Loon

A natural generalization of base B expansions is Zeckendorf's Theorem: every integer can be uniquely written as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, with $F_{n+1} = F_n + F_{n-1}$ and $F_1=1, F_2=2$. If instead we allow the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-05-13 Philippe Demontigny , Thao Do , Archit Kulkarni , Steven J. Miller , Umang Varma

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers ${F_n}$, with initial terms $F_1 = 1, F_2 = 2$. We consider the distribution of the number of summands involved in…

Let $a, b\in \mathbb{N}$ be relatively prime. We consider $(a-1)(b-1)/2$, which arises in the study of the $pq$-th cyclotomic polynomial, where $p,q$ are distinct primes. We prove two possible representations of $(a-1)(b-1)/2$ as…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-01-23 Hung Viet Chu

We study Fibonacci compositions, which are compositions of natural numbers that only use Fibonacci numbers, in two different contexts. We first prove inequalities comparing the number of Fibonacci compositions to regular compositions where…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-29 Joshua M. Siktar

An interesting characterization of the Fibonacci numbers is that, if we write them as $F_1 = 1$, $F_2 = 2$, $F_3 = 3$, $F_4 = 5, ...$, then every positive integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-adjacent Fibonacci numbers. This is…

We study the combinatorial properties of final types, which are certain non-decreasing sequences of integers, together with the partitions naturally associated with them. As a consequence, we obtain an identity expressing the $n$-nacci…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-27 Dušan Dragutinović

Let $\alpha = (1+\sqrt{5})/2$ and define the lower and upper Wythoff sequences by $a_i = \lfloor i \alpha \rfloor$, $b_i = \lfloor i \alpha^2 \rfloor$ for $i \geq 1$. In a recent interesting paper, Kawsumarng et al. proved a number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-09 Jeffrey Shallit

Zeckendorf proved that every integer can be written uniquely as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers $\{F_n\}$, and later researchers showed that the distribution of the number of summands needed for such decompositions of integers in…

We consider the asymptotics of sums of the form $$ \frac1{F_n^\sigma} \sum_{m = 1}^{F_n-1} \frac{f(m/F_n)}{\left|{\sin(\pi m/F_n)}\right|^\sigma} \frac{f(F_{n-1}m/F_n)}{\left|{\sin(\pi F_{n-1}m/F_n)}\right|^\sigma} $$ where $(F_n)_{n \in…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-21 Melia Haase , Nicolas Nagel

Let $F_n(k)$ be the generalized Fibonacci number defined by (with $F_i(k)$ abbreviated to $F_i$): $F_n = F_{n-1} + F_{n-2} + \dots + F_{n-k}$, for $n \geq k$, and the initial values $(F_0,F_1,...,F_{k-1})$. Let $B_n(k,j)$ be $F_n(k)$ with…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-01 Martin Bunder , Joseph Tonien

For a finite set $A\subset\mathbb{N}$ and $k\in \mathbb{N}$, let $\omega_k(A) = \sum_{i\in A, i\neq k}1$. For each $n\in \mathbb{N}$, define $$a_{k, n}\ =\ |\{E\subset \mathbb{N}\,:\, E = \emptyset\mbox{ or } \omega_k(E) < \min E\leqslant…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-31 Hung Viet Chu , Zachary Louis Vasseur

We opt to study the convergence of maximal real roots of certain Fibonacci-type polynomials given by $G_n=x^kG_{n-1}+G_{n-2}$. The special cases $k=1$ and $k=2$ are found in [4] and [7], respectively.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-16 Tewodros Amdeberhan

Let $P(m)$ denote the largest prime factor of an integer $m\geq 2$, and put $P(0)=P(1)=1$. For an integer $k\geq 2$, let $(F_{n}^{(k)})_{n\geq 2-k}$ be the $k-$generalized Fibonacci sequence which starts with $0,...,0,1$ ($k$ terms) and…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-10-16 Jhon J. Bravo , Florian Luca

Consider the Fibonacci numbers defined by setting $F_1=1=F_2$ and $F_n =F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$ for $n \geq 3$. We let $n_F! = F_1 \cdots F_n$ and $\binom{n}{k}_F = \frac{n_F!}{k_F!(n-k)_F!}$. Let $(x)_{\downarrow_0} = (x)_{\uparrow_0} = 1$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-01 Quang T. Bach , Roshil Paudyal , Jeffrey B. Remmel

We build upon the work by Bessenrodt and Ono, as well as Beckwith and Bessenrodt concerning the combined additive and multiplicative behavior of the $k$-regular partition functions $p_k(n)$. Our focus is on addressing the solutions of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-18 Bernhard Heim , Markus Neuhauser