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A planar orthogonal drawing of a planar 4-graph G (i.e., a planar graph with vertex-degree at most four) is a crossing-free drawing that maps each vertex of G to a distinct point of the plane and each edge of $G$ to a sequence of horizontal…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Walter Didimo , Michael Kaufmann , Giuseppe Liotta , Giacomo Ortali

It is well known that there exist twenty two symmetry type graphs associated to 4-orbit maps. For this ones we give the feasible values taken by the degree of the vertices and the number appropriate of edges in the boundary of each face of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-26 John A. Arredondo , Camilo Ramírez Maluendas , Luz Edith Santos Guerrero

We show that every plane graph with maximum face size four whose all faces of size four are vertex-disjoint is cyclically 5-colorable. This answers a question of Albertson whether graphs drawn in the plane with all crossings independent are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-11-18 Daniel Král' , Ladislav Stacho

A geometric graph is a graph drawn in the plane so that its vertices and edges are represented by points in general position and straight line segments, respectively. A vertex of a geometric graph is called pointed if it lies outside of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-31 Nikita Chernega , Alexandr Polyanskii , Rinat Sadykov

A graph is IC-planar if it admits a drawing in the plane with at most one crossing per edge and such that two pairs of crossing edges share no common end vertex. IC-planarity specializes both NIC-planarity, which allows a pair of crossing…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Christian Bachmaier , Franz J. Brandenburg , Kathrin Hanauer

A graph G=(V,E) is called a unit-distance graph in the plane if there is an injective embedding of V in the plane such that every pair of adjacent vertices are at unit distance apart. If additionally the corresponding edges are non-crossing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-03 Sascha Kurz , Rom Pinchasi

We consider spherical quadrangulations -- spherical embeddings of multigraphs, possibly with loops, so that every face has boundary walk of length 4 -- in which all vertices have degree 3 or 4. Interpreting each degree 4 vertex as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-13 Lowell Abrams , Yosef Berman , Vance Faber , Michael Murphy

A fullerene graph $F$ is a planar cubic graph with exactly 12 pentagonal faces and other hexagonal faces. A set $\mathcal{H}$ of disjoint hexagons of $F$ is called a resonant pattern (or sextet pattern) if $F$ has a perfect matching $M$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-11-27 Rui Yang , Heping Zhang

For a given graph whose edges are labeled with general real numbers, we consider the set of functions from the vertex set into the Euclidean plane such that the distance between the images of neighbouring vertices is equal to the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-23 Niels Lubbes , Mehdi Makhul , Josef Schicho , Audie Warren

It is well known that a plane graph is Eulerian if and only if its geometric dual is bipartite. We extend this result to partial duals of plane graphs. We then characterize all bipartite partial duals of a plane graph in terms of oriented…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-11-18 Stephen Huggett , Iain Moffatt

We consider the derangement graph in which the vertices are permutations of $\{ 1,\ldots, n\}$. Two vertices are joined by an edge if the corresponding permutations differ in every position. The derangement graph is known to be Hamiltonian…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-15 Zequn Lv , Mengyu Cao , Mei Lu

A graph on $n \ge 3$ vertices drawn in the plane such that each edge is crossed at most four times has at most $6(n-2)$ edges -- this result proven by Ackerman is outstanding in the literature of beyond-planar graphs with regard to its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Aaron Büngener

A graph is said to be cyclic $k$-edge-connected, if at least $k$ edges must be removed to disconnect it into two components, each containing a cycle. Such a set of $k$ edges is called a cyclic-$k$-edge cutset and it is called a trivial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Klavdija Kutnar , Dragan Marusic

A polyhedral graph is a $3$-connected planar graph. We find the least possible order $p(k,a)$ of a polyhedral graph containing a $k$-independent set of size $a$ for all positive integers $k$ and $a$. In the case $k = 1$ and $a$ even, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-01-02 Sébastien Gaspoz , Riccardo W. Maffucci

A graph $G$ is $k$-degenerate if it can be transformed into an empty graph by subsequent removals of vertices of degree $k$ or less. We prove that every connected planar graph with average degree $d \ge 2$ has a 4-degenerate induced…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-10-07 Robert Lukoťka , Ján Mazák , Xuding Zhu

Recently, the problem of establishing bounds on the edge density of 1-planar graphs, including their subclass IC-planar graphs, has received considerable attention. In 2018, Angelini et al. showed that any n-vertex bipartite IC-planar graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Guiping Wang , Yuanqiu Huang , Zhangdong Ouyang , Licheng Zhang

A fullerene graph is a 3-connected cubic planar graph with pentagonal and hexagonal faces. The leapfrog transformation of a planar graph produces the trucation of the dual of the given graph. A fullerene graph is leapfrog if it can be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-10 František Kardoš , Martina Mockovčiaková

We construct a geodesic net in the plane with four unbalanced (boundary) vertices that has 16 balanced vertices and does not contain proper geodesic subnets. This is the first example of an irreducible geodesic net in the Euclidean plane…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2019-02-22 Fabian Parsch

Fullerene graphs, i.e., 3-connected planar cubic graphs with pentagonal and hexagonal faces, are conjectured to be Hamiltonian. This is a special case of a conjecture of Barnette and Goodey, stating that 3-connected planar graphs with faces…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-08-18 František Kardoš

A fullerene graph is a planar cubic 3-connected graph with only pentagonal and hexagonal faces. We show that fullerene graphs have exponentially many perfect matchings.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-05-28 Frantisek Kardos , Daniel Král' , Jozef Miskuf , Jean-Sébastien Sereni