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Whenever an experiment can be described classically, quantum physics must predict the same outcome. Intuitively, there is nothing quantum about an accelerating observer travelling through a vacuum. It is therefore not surprising that many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Sara Kanzi , Daniel Hodgson , Almut Beige

A uniformly accelerated system will get thermally excited due to interactions with the vacuum fluctuations of the quantum fields. This is the Unruh effect. Also a system accelerated in a circular orbit will be heated, but in this case…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Jon Magne Leinaas

The Unruh effect states that a uniformly linearly accelerated observer with proper acceleration $a$ experiences Minkowski vacuum as a thermal state in the temperature $T_{\text{lin}} = a/(2\pi)$, operationally measurable via the detailed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-03-28 Steffen Biermann , Sebastian Erne , Cisco Gooding , Jorma Louko , Jörg Schmiedmayer , William G. Unruh , Silke Weinfurtner

We estimate the transition rates of a uniformly accelerated Unruh-DeWitt detector coupled to a quantum field with reflecting conditions on a boundary plane (a "mirror"). We find that these are essentially indistinguishable from the usual…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-08-27 Carlo Rovelli , Matteo Smerlak

Using a two-level moving probe, we address the temperature estimation of a static thermal bath modeled by a massless scalar field prepared in a thermal state. Different couplings of the probe to the field are discussed under various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-10 Hossein Rangani Jahromi , Samira Ebrahimi Asl Mamaghani , Rosario Lo Franco

How long does a uniformly rotating observer need to interact with a quantum field in order to register an approximately thermal response due to the circular motion Unruh effect? We address this question for a massless scalar field in 2+1…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-01-21 Leo J. A. Parry , Diego Vidal-Cruzprieto , Christopher J. Fewster , Jorma Louko

We explore the entanglement dynamics of two detectors undergoing uniform acceleration and circular motion within a massive scalar field, while also investigating the influence of the anti-Unruh effect on entanglement harvesting. Contrary to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-11-06 Yongjie Pan , Jiatong Yan , Sansheng Yang , Baocheng Zhang

The analysis of uniformly longitudinally extended detector is performed and it is shown that the response of such a detector does not differ from the response of the Unruh detector, but the its excitation is caused not by the thermal bath,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-23 Constantin V. Usenko , B. I. Lev

Flavor mixing of quantum fields was found to be responsible for the breakdown of the thermal Unruh effect. Recently, this result was revisited in the context of nonextensive Tsallis thermostatistics, showing that the emergent vacuum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-03-25 Giuseppe Gaetano Luciano , Massimo Blasone

This paper presents a novel theoretical model to simulate the Unruh temperature by relating it to the critical temperature of multiple Bose-Einstein thermal baths. These thermal baths are conceptualized as snapshots of a Bose-Firework…

It is well known that a detector, coupled linearly to a quantum field and accelerating through the inertial vacuum with a constant acceleration $g$, will behave as though it is immersed in a radiation field with temperature $T=(g/2\pi)$. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-20 Dawood Kothawala , T. Padmanabhan

The Unruh effect is a surprising prediction of quantum field theory that asserts accelerating observers perceive a thermal spectrum of particles with a temperature proportional to their acceleration. However, it has recently been shown that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-02 Laura J. Henderson , Robie A. Hennigar , Robert B. Mann , Alexander R. H. Smith , Jialin Zhang

Using the HPO approach to consistent histories we re-derive Unruh's result that an observer constantly accelerating through the Minkowski vacuum appears to be immersed in a thermal bath. We show that propositions about any symmetry of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 D. Noltingk

We revisit the Unruh effect to investigate how finite acceleration would affect a scalar condensate. We discuss a negative thermal-like correction associated with acceleration. From the correspondence between thermo-field dynamics and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-12-22 Sanjin Benic , Kenji Fukushima

We study the effects of spacetime noncommutativity on the nonequilibrium dynamics of particles in a thermal bath. We show that the noncommutative thermal bath does not suffer from any further IR/UV mixing problem in the sense that all the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-14 Chong-Sun Chu , Chiu Man Ho

It is well known that the experience of a linearly accelerated observer with acceleration $a$, interacting with a massless scalar field in its vacuum state in $3+1$ Minkowski spacetime, is identical to that of a static observer interacting…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-03-25 Cameron R. D. Bunney , Leo Parry , T. Rick Perche , Jorma Louko

The Unruh effect is essential to keep the consistency of quantum field theory in inertial and uniformly accelerated frames. Thus, the Unruh effect must be considered as well tested as quantum field theory itself. In spite of it, it would be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-08-29 Gabriel Cozzella , Andre G. S. Landulfo , George E. A. Matsas , Daniel A. T. Vanzella

In this work, we present a new framework for a relativistic quantum analouge of the classical Otto engine. Considering a single qubit as the working substance, we analyse its interaction with a massless quantum scalar field while undergoing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-29 Rudra Prosad Sarkar , Arnab Mukherjee , Sunandan Gangopadhyay

We revisit the thermal nature of the Unruh effect within a quantum thermodynamic framework. For a Unruh-deWitt (UDW) detector in $n$-dimensional Minkowski spacetime, we demonstrate that its irreversible thermalization to a Gibbs equilibrium…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Zihao Wang , Wenjing Chen , Si-Wei Han , Xiaoshan Feng , Linmu Qiao , Zhichun Ouyang , Jun Feng

This article is motivated by the observation, that calculations of the Unruh effect based on idealized particle detectors are usually made in a way that involves integrations along the {\em entire} detector trajectory up to the infinitely…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Sebastian Schlicht