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Topological magnetic structures, such as Hopfions, are central to three-dimensional magnetism, but their characterization in complex geometries remains challenging. We introduce a robust finite-element method for calculating the Hopf index…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Louis Gallard , Riccardo Hertel

Three-dimensional topological solitons attract a great deal of interest in fields ranging from particle physics to cosmology but remain experimentally elusive in solid-state magnets. Here we numerically predict magnetic heliknotons, an…

Materials Science · Physics 2020-07-28 Robert Voinescu , Jung-Shen B. Tai , Ivan I. Smalyukh

The Faddeev-Hopf model [1] supporting Hopfions was shown to emerge in the low-energy limit of four-dimensional scalar quantum electrodynamics (QED) with two charged scalar fields [2, 3]. Faddeev and Noemi conjectured that the Hopfions and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-04 Chao-Hsiang Sheu , Mikhail Shifman

The Skyrme-Faddeev model is a modified sigma model in three-dimensional space, which has string-like topological solitons classified by the integer-valued Hopf charge. Numerical simulations are performed to compute soliton solutions for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Paul Sutcliffe

Knots and links play a crucial role in understanding topology and discreteness in nature. In magnetic systems, twisted, knotted and braided vortex tubes manifest as Skyrmions, Hopfions, or screw dislocations. These complex textures are…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Maria Azhar , Sandra C. Shaju , Ross Knapman , Alessandro Pignedoli , Karin Everschor-Sitte

Kauffman knot polynomial invariants are discovered in classical abelian Chern-Simons field theory. A topological invariant $t^{I\left( \mathcal{L} \right) }$ is constructed for a link $\mathcal{L}$, where $I$ is the abelian Chern-Simons…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-11-30 Xin Liu

Hopfions--three-dimensional topological solitons with knotted spin texture--have recently garnered attention in topological magnetism due to their unique topology characterized by the Hopf number $H$, a topological invariant derived from…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Shoya Kasai , Shun Okumura , Yukitoshi Motome

We derive solutions of the Kirchhoff equations for a knot tied on an infinitely long elastic rod subjected to combined tension and twist. We consider the case of simple (trefoil) and double (cinquefoil) knots; other knot topologies can be…

Classical Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 N. Clauvelin , B. Audoly , S. Neukirch

We propose a new type of Hopf semimetals indexed by a pair of numbers $(p,q)$, where the Hopf number is given by $pq$. The Fermi surface is given by the preimage of the Hopf map, which is nontrivially linked for a nonzero Hopf number. The…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-09-20 Motohiko Ezawa

A wide class of models, built of the three component unit vector field living in the (3+1) Minkowski space-time, which break explicitly global O(3) symmetry are discussed. The symmetry breaking occurs due to the so-called dielectric…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 A. Wereszczynski

Hopfions, three-dimensional topological solitons characterized by nontrivial Hopf indices, represent a fundamental class of field configurations that emerge across diverse areas of physics. Despite extensive studies of isolated hopfions, a…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-12-02 Wen-Tao Hou , Zhuoxian Xiang , Yizhou Liu , Jiadong Zang

A closed geodesic on the modular surface gives rise to a knot on the 3-sphere with a trefoil knot removed, and one can compute the linking number of such a knot with the trefoil knot. We show that, when ordered by their length, the set of…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-05-11 Dubi Kelmer

Using methods of high performance computing, we have found indications that knotlike structures appear as stable finite energy solitons in a realistic 3+1 dimensional model. We have explicitly simulated the unknot and trefoil…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-07-09 L. Faddeev , Antti J. Niemi

I consider electrodynamics and the problem of knotted solitons in two-component superconductors. Possible existence of knotted solitons in multicomponent superconductors was predicted several years ago. However their basic properties and…

Superconductivity · Physics 2009-03-11 Egor Babaev

Magnetic hopfions are three-dimensional topological solitons with non-zero Hopf index ${\cal H}$ in the vector field of material's local magnetization. In this Letter elliptical stability of hopfions with ${\cal H}=1$ in a classical…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2025-05-30 Konstantin L. Metlov

A theory for constructing integrable couplings of soliton equations is developed by using various perturbations around solutions of perturbed soliton equations being analytic with respect to a small perturbation parameter. Multi-scale…

solv-int · Physics 2007-05-23 Wen-Xiu Ma

Hopfions are a class of three-dimensional (3D) solitons which are built as vortex tori carrying intrinsic twist of the toroidal core. They are characterized by two independent topological charges, \textit{viz}., vorticity $S$ and winding…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-07-16 Zibin Zhao , Guilong Li , Huanbo Luo , Bin Liu , Guihua Chen , Boris A. Malomed , Yongyao Li

Magnetic hopfions are string-like three-dimensional topological solitons, characterised by the Hopf invariant. They serve as a fundamental prototype for three-dimensional magnetic quasi-particles and are an inspiration for novel device…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-03-15 Moritz Sallermann , Hannes Jónsson , Stefan Blügel

Topological solitons are relevant in several areas of physics [1]. Recently, these configurations have been investigated in contexts as diverse as hydrodynamics [2], Bose-Einstein condensates [3], ferromagnetism [4], knotted light [5] and…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2016-10-12 Miguel Bezares , Érico Goulart , Gonzalo Palomera , Daniel J. Pons , Enrique G. Reyes

We study a modified version of the Ginzburg-Landau model suggested by Ward and show that Hopfions exist in it as stable static solutions, for values of the Hopf invariant up to at least 7. We also find that their properties closely follow…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-06-02 Juha Jäykkä , Joonatan Palmu