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We adopt an empirical approach to the characterization of the distribution of twin primes within the set of primes, rather than in the set of all natural numbers. The occurrences of twin primes in any finite sequence of primes are like…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 P. F. Kelly , Terry Pilling

This paper investigates the dependence between primes in tuples through the analysis of the Hardy-Littlewood constant. A detailed analysis of the behavior of the constant for the pattern $(0,d)$ is conducted, depending on the arithmetic…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-01-15 Victor Volfson

Recently we have introduced a novel characterisation of the distribution of twin primes that consists of three essential elements. These are: that the twins are most naturally viewed as a subsequence of the primes themselves, that the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 P. F. Kelly , Terry Pilling

We report a rigorous theory to show the origin of the unexpected periodic behavior seen in the consecutive differences between prime numbers. We also check numerically our findings to ensure that they hold for finite sequences of primes,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Saul Ares , Mario Castro

We present a deterministic relationship between relative primes and twin primes in successively larger sequences of the natural numbers. This enables setting a finite lower limit on the occurrence of actual twin primes in an unbounded…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-08-03 John K Sellers

We address the question of the infinitude of twin and cousin prime pairs from a probabilistic perspective. Our approach partitions the set of integer numbers greater than $2$ in finite intervals of the form $[p_{n-1}^2,p_n^2)$, $p_{n-1}$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-04-03 Daniele Bufalo , Michele Bufalo , Felice Iavernaro

Although the prime numbers are deterministic, they can be viewed, by some measures, as pseudo-random numbers. In this article, we numerically study the pair statistics of the primes using statistical-mechanical methods, especially the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2018-02-15 Ge Zhang , Fausto Martelli , Salvatore Torquato

Starting from the first Hardy-Littlewood conjecture some topics will be covered: an empirical approach to the distribution of the twin primes in classes mod(10) and a simplified proof of the Bruns theorem . Finally, it will be explored an…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2019-04-22 Marco Bortolomasi , Arturo Ortiz-Tapia

While the sequence of primes is very well distributed in the reduced residue classes (mod $q$), the distribution of pairs of consecutive primes among the permissible $\phi(q)^2$ pairs of reduced residue classes (mod $q$) is surprisingly…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2022-04-27 Robert J. Lemke Oliver , Kannan Soundararajan

Statistical distribution of the primes in an arithmetic progression is considered. The estimation of prime numbers is given and combinatorial methods are used to calculate the twin primes on the available interval. The distribution and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-02-28 Nurlan N. Tashatov , Alua S. Turginbayeva , Serik A. Altynbek

The quantitative distribution of twin primes remains a central open problem in number theory. This paper develops a heuristic model grounded in the principles of sieve theory, with the goal of constructing an analytical approximation for…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-07-14 Yuhang Shi

Fix irrational numbers $\alpha,\hat\alpha>1$ of finite type and real numbers $\beta,\hat\beta\ge 0$, and let $B$ and $\hat B$ be the Beatty sequences $$ B:=(\lfloor\alpha m+\beta\rfloor)_{m\ge 1}\quad\text{and}\quad\hat…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-12-06 William D. Banks , Victor Z. Guo

Ideas from physics are used to show that the prime pairs have the density conjectured by Hardy and Littlewood. The proof involves dealing with infinities like in quantum field theory.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 G. H. Gadiyar , R. Padma

We studied two probabilistic models of the distribution of primes in the natural number [1].The paper considers the third probabilistic model of the distribution of primes in the natural number. The author proved that the results obtained…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-09-30 Victor Volfson

Prime number multiplet classifications and patterns are extended to negative integers. The extension from prime numbers to single prime powers is also studied. Prime number septets at equal distance are given. It is also shown that each…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-26 H. J. Weber

We show by an inclusion-exclusion argument that the prime $k$-tuple conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood provides an asymptotic formula for the number of consecutive prime numbers which are a specified distance apart. This refines one aspect…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2012-06-29 D. A. Goldston , A. H. Ledoan

The prime number problem falls within the realm of number theory, specifically elementary number theory. Current research approaches have unnecessarily complicated this matter. In contrast to more advanced mathematical tools, the methods of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-04-04 HaoJie Huang

The paper substantiates the conjecture of the asymptotic behavior of the largest distance between consecutive primes: $sup_{p_i \leq x}(p_{i+1}-p_i) \sim 2e^{-\gamma} \log^2(x)$, where $\gamma$ is the Euler constant. The Hardy-Littlewood…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-04-30 Victor Volfson

We bring to bear an empirical model of the distribution of twin primes and produce two distinct results. The first is that we can make a quantitative probabilistic prediction of the occurrence of gaps in the sequence of twins within the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-09-07 P. F. Kelly , Terry Pilling

We study pairs of consecutive odd numbers through a straightforward indexing. We focus in particular on twin primes and their distribution. With a counting argument, we calculate the limit of an alternating sum that is equal to 1 which…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2021-06-08 Marc Wolf , FranÇOis Wolf , FranÇOis-Xavier Villemin
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