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The concept of only One-dimensional time is wrong, time is Four-dimensional. The light refraction emerges directly that time is four-dimensional to us perfectly. It translates some thing incomprehensible into easily comprehensible in…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 ShuRun Zhang

The space of all Riemannian metrics is infinite-dimensional. Nevertheless a great deal of usual Riemannian geometry can be carried over. The superspace of all Riemannian metrics shall be endowed with a class of Riemannian metrics; their…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 H. -J. Schmidt

The fact that in Minkowski space, space and time are both quantized does not have to be introduced as a new postulate in physics, but can actually be derived by combining certain features of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. This is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 G. 't Hooft

String theory, as a theory containing quantum gravity, is usually thought to require more dimensions of spacetime than the usual 3+1. Here I argue on physical grounds that needing extra dimensions for strings may well be an artefact of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-10-25 John Swain

A generalization of metric space is presented which is shown to admit a theory strongly related to that of ordinary metric spaces. To avoid the topological effects related to dropping any of the axioms of metric space, first a new, and…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2012-01-20 Ittay Weiss

There is no known fundamental reason to demand as a cosmological initial condition that the bulk possess an SO(3,1) isometry. On the contrary, one expects bulk curvature terms that violate the SO(3,1) isometry at early epochs, leading to a…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 Daniel J. H. Chung , Edward W. Kolb , Antonio Riotto

A more conventional realization of a symmetry which had been proposed towards the solution of cosmological constant problem is considered. In this study the multiplication of the coordinates by the imaginary number $i$ in the literature is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 Recai Erdem

We consider four dimensional spaces of neutral signature and give examples of universal spaces of Walker type. These spaces have no analogue in other signatures in four dimensions and provide with a new class of spaces being universal.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-10-02 Sigbjørn Hervik , Tomáš Málek

An action for a string and a particle with two timelike dimensions is proposed and analyzed. Due to new gauge symmetries and associated constraints, the motion of each system in the background of the other is equivalent to effective motion…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-08-25 Itzhak Bars , Costas Kounnas

We study a model for gravity in 3+1 dimensions, inspired in general relativity in 2+1 dimensions. In contrast regular general relativity in 3+1 dimensions, the model postulates that space in absence of matter is flat. The requirement that…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-11-29 Maarten van de Meent

The problem of topology change description in gravitation theory is analized in detailes. It is pointed out that in standard four-dimensional theories the topology of space may be considered as a particular case of boundary conditions (or…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 M. Yu. Konstantinov

Complex metrics are a double-edged sword: they allow one to replace singular spacetimes, such as those containing a big bang, with regular metrics, yet they can also describe unphysical solutions in which quantum transitions may be more…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-08-31 Caroline Jonas , Jean-Luc Lehners , Jerome Quintin

The possibility of matter coupling to two metrics at once is considered. This appears natural in the most general ghost-free, bimetric theory of gravity, where it unlocks an additional symmetry with respect to the exchange of the metrics.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-11-10 Yashar Akrami , Tomi S. Koivisto , Adam R. Solomon

Generic cosmological models derived from higher dimensional theories with warped extra dimensions have a nonzero cosmological constant-like term induced on the 3+1 space-time, or a physical 3-brane. In the scenario where this 3+1 space-time…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-01-13 Ishwaree P Neupane

Noticing that really the fermions of the Standard Model are best thought of as Weyl - rather than Dirac - particles (relative to fundamental scales located at some presumably very high energies) it becomes interesting that the experimental…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-09-25 Holger Bech Nielsen , Svend Erik Rugh

Finite metric spaces arise in many different contexts. Enormous bodies of data, scientific, commercial and others can often be viewed as large metric spaces. It turns out that the metric of graphs reveals a lot of interesting information.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Nathan Linial

We discuss the question of whether the existence of singularities is an intrinsic property of 4D spacetime. Our hypothesis is that singularities in 4D are induced by the separation of spacetime from the other dimensions. We examine this…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Ponce de Leon

It is conjectured that in the origin of space-time there lies a symplectic rather than metric structure. The complex symplectic symmetry Sp(2l,C), l\ge1 instead of the pseudo-orthogonal one SO(1,d-1), d\ge4 is proposed as the space-time…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-25 Yu. F. Pirogov

Lower-dimensionality at higher energies has manifold theoretical advantages as recently pointed out. Moreover, it appears that experimental evidence may already exists for it - a statistically significant planar alignment of events with…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-04-25 Dejan Stojkovic

A childhood observation of Thakur Anukulchandra that "one and one can only be two ones, not simply two" motivates a precise inquiry: what, exactly, is asserted when we pass from two concrete individuals to the numeral "2"? This paper does…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Souvik Ghosh