Related papers: Nobel Leptons
Despite provable unknowables in recursion theory, indeterminism and randomness in physics is confined to conventions, subjective beliefs and preliminary evidence. The history of the issue is very briefly reviewed, and answers to five…
Two-photon exchange contributions have potentially broad ranging impact on several charged lepton scattering measurements. Previously believed to be extremely small, based in part on comparisons of positron scattering and electron…
We derive generic formulas for the polarization density matrix of leptons produced in neutrino and antineutrino collisions and briefly consider some important particular cases. Next we employ the general formalism in order to include the…
A search for new physics is performed using events with isolated same-sign leptons and at least two bottom-quark jets in the final state. Results are based on a sample of proton-proton collisions collected at a center-of-mass energy of 8…
We retrace the first steps towards understanding neutrinos, particles predicted by Pauli in 1930 to avoid a supposed violation of time-translation symmetry. Despite the tendency to reduce the whole story to his intuition and the skill of…
From the famous experiments of Stern and Gerlach to the present, measurements of magnetic dipole moments, and searches for electric dipole moments of ``elementary'' particles have played a major role in our understanding of sub-atomic…
The Nobel Prize is awarded each year to individuals who have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Economics, Literature, and Peace, and is considered by many to be the most prestigious recognition for…
This is an extended version of my Nobel Lecture, delivered on December $8^{th}$ 2021. I will recall the genesis of the concept of multiple equilibria in natural sciences. I will then describe my contribution to the development of this…
We have compiled some sections of works by L. Zamick and collaborators which we hope will be of interest to the reader.
In 1995, a team of physicists from the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk was able to observe the splitting of a photon in the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus for the first time, and reported the preliminary results of…
In 2002, Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ``for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos.'' However, while astronomy has undergone a revolution in…
The description of the structure of proton is fundamental in order to describe the standard model processes at the LHC as well as for the searching of New Physics. Quantum fluctuations imply the presence of photons and leptons inside the…
"I have dealt with many different transformations with various periods of time, but the quickest that I have met was my own transformation in one moment from a physicist to a chemist." Ernest Rutherford (Nobel Banquet, 1908) This article is…
The goal of this article is to outline the advantages of the measurement of left-right asymmetries in lepton-lepton ($l^{-}l^{-}\to l^{-}l^{-}$) scattering for performing precision measurements of $\sin^2 \theta_W$ and the discovery of…
Special relativity was discovered at the eve of the century, but finds its roots in the 19th century efforts to understand the optics and electromagnetism of moving bodies. These roots are reviewed in Parts 1 and 2, the latter being…
Anchoring low-energy nuclear physics to the fundamental theory of strong interactions remains an outstanding challenge. I review the current progress and challenges of the endeavor to use lattice QCD to bridge this connection. This is a…
Searches for New Particles including future sensitivity prospects are reviewed. The main focus is placed on results obtained at LEP, HERA and the Tevatron on generic searches such as searches for excited fermions, searches for leptoquarks…
Semileptonic $b \rightarrow s\ell \ell$ processes constitute a good probe for new physics phenomena: new particles contributing to the loops could affect branching fractions and angular distributions, and have different couplings to…
It is well-known that Einstein got the 1921 Nobel prize not for his theory of relativity, but for his theory of photoelectricity. It is not that well-known that he did not get the prize in 1921. Why not, and when did he get it?
The electroweak Higgs boson has been discovered in ongoing experiments at the LHC, leading to a mass of this particle of 126 GeV. This Higgs boson mediates the generation of mass for elementary particles, including the mass of elementary…