Related papers: Proton and Photon Structure
The present knowledge of the structure of the photon is presented with emphasis on measurements of the photon structure obtained from deep inelastic electron-photon scattering at e+e- colliders. This review covers the leptonic and hadronic…
Recent experimental results contributing to the understanding of the structure of the nucleon are reviewed. They include the final NMC results on proton and deuteron structure functions; a re-analysis of the CCFR data on F2 and xF3; new…
The present knowledge of the structure of the photon is presented based on results obtained by measurements of photon structure functions at e+e- collider. Results are presented both for the QED structure of the photon as well as for the…
In a recent publication [Ferreira {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. D89 (2014) 083011] we tested the consistency of current astrophysical tests of the stability of the fine-structure constant $\alpha$ and the proton-to-electron mass ratio…
Precise proton and neutron form factor measurements at Jefferson Lab, using spin observables, have recently made a significant contribution to the unraveling of the internal structure of the nucleon. Accurate experimental measurements of…
Advances in knowledge of the structure of the photon and tests of perturbative QCD have been made using the increased luminosity with the ZEUS detector at HERA. Events with a low photon virtuality and two high transverse energy jets have…
The formation of hadrons is a fundamental process in nature that can be investigated at particle colliders. As several recent findings demonstrate, with $\mathrm{e^+e^-}$ collisions as a "vacuum-like" reference at one extreme, and central…
Recent measurements of QCD interactions involving large momentum transfers are reviewed. The status of measurements of the strong coupling constant is summarised. Recent developments in the measurement and interpretation of deep inelastic…
Measurements of di-jet production at HERA provide an important test of NLO QCD calculations. It is also a source of information about partonic content of the photon, complementary to the measurements in e+e- experiments. In this article we…
Understanding the fundamental structure of matter requires an understanding of how quarks and gluons are assembled to form hadrons and of the structure of the protons which are the colliding particles at LHC. The arrangement of quarks and…
The shape of the electron is studied using lowest-order perturbation theory. Quantities used to probe the structure of the proton: form factors, generalized parton distributions, transverse densities, Wigner distributions and the angular…
The first measurement of F_2,c^gamma is presented. At low x the measurement indicates a non-zero hadron-like component to F_2,c^gamma. At large x the measurement constitutes a test of perturbative QCD at next-to-leading order, with only m_c…
A brief overview of the recent activity in the measurement of the elastic electromagnetic proton and neutron form factors is presented. It is discussed how the quality of the data has been greatly improved by performing double polarization…
We present a new analysis of parton distributions of the proton. This incorporates a wide range of new data, an improved treatment of heavy flavours and a re-examination of prompt photon production. The new set (MRST) shows systematic…
Precision measurements of the structure of nucleons and nuclei in the regime of strong interaction QCD are now possible with the availability of high current polarized electron beams, polarized targets, and recoil polarimeters, in…
The structure function of the proton has been investigated and has been found to possess the power law behaviour in conformity with the empirical fits to the experimental findings. We have estimated F$_{2}$(x, Q$^{2}$)/F$_{2}$(x,…
This article describes the various experimental bounds on the variation of the fundamental constants of nature. After a discussion on the role of fundamental constants, of their definition and link with metrology, the various constraints on…
The LEP experiments measure the QED and QCD structure of the photon in deep-inelastic electron-photon scattering. The status of these measurements is discussed in this short review.
Development of concepts related to the photon and its high energy hadronic interaction is briefly reviewed. A photon considered as an ideal probe of hadron structure, paradoxically is also considered as an ideal target to test the…
I review recent progress in the determination of the parton structure of the nucleon, in particular from deep-inelastic structure functions. I explain how the needs of current and future precision phenomenology, specifically at the LHC,…