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We clarify the role of the oft-misunderstood Null Energy Condition (NEC) in the context of the current cosmological data. In particular, the NEC implies the sum of the total energy density and pressure satisfies $\rho_{tot}+P_{tot} \ge 0$;…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-12 Robert R. Caldwell , Eric V. Linder

Averaged Null Energy Conditions (ANECs) hold in unitary quantum field theories. In conformal field theories, ANECs in states created by the application of the stress tensor to the vacuum lead to three constraints on the stress-tensor…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-05-31 Kuo-Wei Huang , Robin Karlsson , Andrei Parnachev , Samuel Valach

The Quantum Null Energy Condition (QNEC) is a new local energy condition that a general Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is believed to satisfy, relating the classical null energy condition (NEC) to the second functional derivative of the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-07-04 Christian Ecker , Daniel Grumiller , Wilke van der Schee , Philipp Stanzer

The violation of the null energy condition (NEC) is essential for constructing nonsingular cosmological scenarios, such as Genesis cosmology, which avoids the initial singularity by initiating cosmic evolution from an asymptotically…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-19 Dong-Hui Yu , Mian Zhu , Yong Cai

We study the Null Energy Condition (NEC) arising from the Virasoro constraint on the string worldsheet. We then analyze how the NEC in the external spacetime directions emerges under general time-dependent string compactifications. Finally,…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-13 Mir Mehedi Faruk

We study the Casimir energy of a minimally coupled, real, massless scalar field outside a spherically symmetric background potential. We obtain a general expression for the null energy condition in d dimensions and explicit expressions for…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-18 Delia Schwartz Perlov , Ken D. Olum

In discussions of Bousso's Covariant Entropy Bound, the Null Energy Condition is always assumed, as a sufficient {\em but not necessary} condition which helps to ensure that the entropy on any lightsheet shall necessarily be finite. The…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-12-23 Brett McInnes

The null energy condition (NEC), an important assumption of the Penrose singularity theorem, is violated by quantum fields. The natural generalization of the NEC in quantum field theory, the renormalized null energy averaged over a finite…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-11-11 Jackson R. Fliss , Ben Freivogel , Eleni-Alexandra Kontou

In the context of Einstein gravity, if the null energy condition (NEC) is satisfied, the energy density in expanding space-times always decreases while in contracting space-times the energy density grows and the universe eventually…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-07-04 Anna Ijjas , Justin Ripley , Paul J. Steinhardt

We present a consistent effective theory that violates the null energy condition (NEC) without developing any instabilities or other pathological features. The model is the ghost condensate with the global shift symmetry softly broken by a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-11 Paolo Creminelli , Markus A. Luty , Alberto Nicolis , Leonardo Senatore

We answer an important question in general relativity about the volume integral theorem for exotic matter by suggesting an exact integral quantifier for matter violating Averaged Null Energy Condition (ANEC). It is checked against some well…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Kamal Kanti Nandi , Yuan-Zhong Zhang , K. B. Vijaya Kumar

We investigate the quantum null energy condition (QNEC) in holographic CFTs, focusing on half-spaces and particular classes of states. We present direct, and in certain cases nonperturbative, calculations for both the diagonal and off-…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-09-26 Zuhair U. Khandker , Sandipan Kundu , Daliang Li

We examine the achronal averaged null energy condition~(ANEC) for a class of conformal field theories~(CFT) at strong coupling in curved spacetime. By applying the AdS/CFT duality, we find holographic models which violate the achronal ANEC…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-09-11 Akihiro Ishibashi , Kengo Maeda , Eric Mefford

We prove the achronal averaged null energy condition for general quantum field theories in the near horizon geometry of spherical extremal black holes (i.e. ${{\rm AdS}_2\times S^{d-2}}$), de Sitter and anti-de Sitter. The derivation…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-12-25 Felipe Rosso

The quantum null energy condition (QNEC) is a lower bound on the expectation value of the null-null component of the energy-momentum tensor in terms of null variations of the entanglement entropy. A stronger version of the QNEC (the primary…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-06-17 Tanay Kibe , Pratik Roy

We describe general features of formation and disappearance of regular spherically symmetric black holes in semiclassical gravity. The allowed models are critically dependent on the requirement that the resulting objects evolve in finite…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-03 Pravin Kumar Dahal , Ioannis Soranidis , Daniel R. Terno

The dynamics of bouncing universes is characterized by violating certain coordinate invariant restrictions on the total energy-momentum tensor, customarily referred to as energy conditions. Although there could be epochs where the null…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-11-22 Massimo Giovannini

Quantum null energy condition (QNEC) is usually stated as a bound on the expectation value of null components of the stress energy tensor at a point in terms of second null shape variations of the entanglement entropy at the same point. It…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-10-17 Pratik Roy

Eternal inflation is shown to require violations of the Null Energy Condition (NEC) on superhorizon scales. With light scalar fields as the matter sources in a de Sitter background, there can be no classical or semiclassical violations of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tanmay Vachaspati

The quantum null energy condition (QNEC) is a conjectured relation between a null version of quantum field theory energy and derivatives of quantum field theory von Neumann entropy. In some cases, divergences cancel between these two terms…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2018-02-21 Zicao Fu , Donald Marolf