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Language models are increasingly capable and are being rapidly deployed on a population-level scale. As a result, the safety of these models is increasingly high-stakes. Fortunately, advances in alignment have significantly reduced the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Rico Angell , Raghav Singhal , Zachary Horvitz , Zhou Yu , Rajesh Ranganath , Kathleen McKeown , He He

Convolutions of long-tailed and subexponential distributions play a major role in the analysis of many stochastic systems. We study these convolutions, proving some important new results through a simple and coherent approach, and showing…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-11-29 Sergey Foss , Dmitry Korshunov , Stan Zachary

The literature of heavy tails (typically) starts with a random walk and finds mechanisms that lead to fat tails under aggregation. We follow the inverse route and show how starting with fat tails we get to thin-tails when deriving the…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2013-07-30 Nassim Nicholas Taleb

A popular measure of association is the tail dependence coefficient which measures the strength of dependence in either the lower-left or upper-right tail of a bivariate distribution. In this paper, we develop the idea of quantile…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-09 A. Dastbaravarde , A. Dolati

Many real-world prediction tasks have outcome variables that have characteristic heavy-tail distributions. Examples include copies of books sold, auction prices of art pieces, demand for commodities in warehouses, etc. By learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Xindi Wang , Onur Varol , Tina Eliassi-Rad

The limitations resulting from the dichtomisation of continuous outcomes have been extensively described. But the need to present results based on binary outcomes in particular in health science remains. Alternatives based on the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-15 Odile Sauzet

Reliable prediction of large chaotic sytems in the short to middle time range is of interest in a number of fields, including climate, ecology, seismology, and economics. In this paper, results from chaos theory, and statistical theory are…

Applications · Statistics 2013-12-17 M. LuValle

Credal sets are sets of probability distributions that are considered as candidates for an imprecisely known ground-truth distribution. In machine learning, they have recently attracted attention as an appealing formalism for uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-19 Alireza Javanmardi , David Stutz , Eyke Hüllermeier

The Transition Path Theory (TPT) of complex systems has proven a robust means for statistically characterizing the ensemble of trajectories that connect any two preset flow regions, say $\mathcal A$ and $\mathcal B$, directly. More…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-09-14 M. J. Olascoaga , F. J. Beron-Vera

It has been observed in numerous experiments, simulations, and various theoretical treatments that the spreading of particles can be modeled by the continuous-time random walk. We consider two well-known cases, i.e., Gaussian displacements…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-01-21 Wanli Wang , Kaixin Zhang , Yuda Cheng

Forecast systems in science and technology are increasingly moving beyond point prediction toward methods that produce full predictive distributions of future outcomes y, conditional on high-dimensional and complex sequences of inputs x.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-13 Elizabeth Cucuzzella , Rafael Izbicki , Ann B. Lee

Recent approaches to the problem of inferring a continuous probability distribution from a finite set of data have used a scalar field theory for the form of the prior probability distribution. This letter presents a more general form for…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 David M. Schmidt

We establish some asymptotic expansions for infinite weighted convolution of distributions having regular varying tails. Various applications to statistics and probability are developed.

Probability · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Ph. Barbe , W. P. McCormick

We analyze quantitatively the effect of spurious multifractality induced by the presence of fat-tailed symmetric and asymmetric probability distributions of fluctuations in time series. In the presented approach different kinds of symmetric…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2018-05-31 Rafal Rak , Dariusz Grech

For a distribution $F^{*\tau}$ of a random sum $S_{\tau}=\xi_1+...+\xi_{\tau}$ of i.i.d. random variables with a common distribution $F$ on the half-line $[0,\infty)$, we study the limits of the ratios of tails…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-11-29 Denis Denisov , Sergey Foss , Dmitry Korshunov

The Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) plays a central role in modelling heavy tail phenomena in many applications. Applying the GPD to actual datasets however is a non-trivial task. One common way suggested in the literature to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-08-08 Se Yoon Lee , Joseph H. T. Kim

This paper introduces a novel measure to quantify the directional dependence of extreme events between two variables. The proposed approach is designed to capture asymmetric tail dependence by studying conditional tail expectations of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-06 Matthieu Garcin , Maxime L. D. Nicolas

Modelling excesses over a high threshold using the Pareto or generalized Pareto distribution (PD/GPD) is the most popular approach in extreme value statistics. This method typically requires high thresholds in order for the (G)PD to fit…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-01-13 Jan Beirlant , Elisabeth Joossens , Johan Segers

In the study of large scale stochastic networks with resource management, differential equations and mean-field limits are two key techniques. Recent research shows that the expected fraction vector (that is, the tailed probability vector)…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-05-27 Quan-Lin Li

Conventional methods for extreme event estimation rely on well-chosen parametric models asymptotically justified from extreme value theory (EVT). These methods, while powerful and theoretically grounded, could however encounter a difficult…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-05 Yuanlu Bai , Henry Lam , Xinyu Zhang